Kidney Diseases and Hypertension, Part II, An Issue of Primary Care Clinics in Office Practice (The Clinics: Internal Medicine) (Pt. 2)

Cover......Page 1
Preface......Page 2
When should a patient with CKD be referred to a nephrologist?......Page 5
Indications for renal replacement therapy......Page 7
Options for renal replacement therapy for ESRD......Page 8
Selection of renal replacement therapy mode......Page 9
Early identification of patients requiring AV access......Page 10
Hemodialysis basics......Page 12
Water transport and solute clearance......Page 13
Etiology of hypotension......Page 15
Management of intradialytic and post dialysis hypotension......Page 16
Steal syndrome......Page 17
Disequilibrium syndrome......Page 18
Infectious complications......Page 19
Role of water treatment in hemodialysis complications......Page 20
Fundamentals of peritoneal dialysis......Page 21
Automated continuous cycling peritoneal dialysis......Page 23
Objective criteria for rationing dialysis?......Page 25
Kidney transplantation......Page 26
Recent trends in kidney transplantation......Page 31
Role of the primary care physician......Page 32
Cardiovascular disease......Page 33
Diabetes mellitus......Page 34
Hypertension......Page 35
Hyperlipidemia......Page 36
Malignancy......Page 37
Bone disease......Page 38
Chronic allograft nephropathy......Page 39
Infectious diseases......Page 40
Immunosuppressants......Page 42
Other drug classes......Page 44
Drug/drug interactions......Page 45
References......Page 46
Management of Hypertension in the Outpatient Setting......Page 49
Initial workup for hypertension......Page 50
Home blood pressure monitoring......Page 51
Need for 24-hour coverage......Page 52
Need to lower blood pressure gradually......Page 53
Lifestyle modifications......Page 54
Group efficacy considerations......Page 55
Choice of drugs......Page 56
Pharmacologic principles and dosing effects......Page 57
Diuretics: first or second line......Page 58
Aldosterone receptor antagonists: second or third line......Page 59
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors: first or second line......Page 60
Angiotensin receptor blockers: first or second line......Page 61
Calcium channel blockers: first or second line......Page 63
beta-Blockers: second or third line......Page 64
Central alpha-agonists: third or fourth line......Page 65
Step-down therapy......Page 66
References......Page 67
Definitions......Page 72
Epidemiology......Page 73
Physical examination......Page 74
Goals of treatment......Page 75
Pharmacotherapy......Page 77
Neurologic hypertensive emergencies......Page 80
Adrenergic crises......Page 81
Pitfalls in office management of very elevated blood pressure......Page 82
References......Page 83
Definition and approach......Page 85
Clinical clues for secondary causes......Page 87
Diagnostic evaluation......Page 89
Role of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring......Page 93
Summary......Page 94
References......Page 95
Resistant Hypertension......Page 97
Causes of resistant hypertension......Page 99
Pseudoresistance......Page 100
Drug-related causes......Page 101
Aldosterone and resistant hypertension......Page 102
Management of refractory hypertension......Page 103
Assessment......Page 104
Drug treatment of resistant hypertension......Page 105
Summary......Page 106
References......Page 107
The Trend Toward Geriatric Nephrology......Page 110
Historical perspective......Page 111
Dialysis......Page 112
Medical therapy in kidney disease......Page 113
Aging and the kidney......Page 114
Acute renal failure......Page 116
Chronic kidney disease......Page 117
Dialysis and transplantation......Page 119
References......Page 122
Normal sleep patterns and behavior in childhood......Page 126
Variables affecting sleep patterns and behaviors in children......Page 127
Impact of sleep problems......Page 129
Classification systems for pediatric sleep disorders......Page 131
Epidemiology of sleep in general pediatric populations......Page 132
Epidemiology of sleep in special populations......Page 134
References......Page 137
Impacts and costs of infant crying and sleeping problems......Page 140
Distinguishing infant crying from sleep-waking behaviors and infant from parental problems......Page 141
Infant colic and the infant crying peaks......Page 142
Infant sleeping and sleeping problems......Page 146
Crying, sleeping, and other problems in infants over three months of age......Page 149
Implications for professionals: helping parents to manage infant crying and sleeping......Page 150
References......Page 155
Bedtime problems......Page 161
Nighttime fears......Page 162
Assessment......Page 163
Behavioral treatments for bedtime problems and night wakings......Page 164
Graduated extinction......Page 165
Positive routines and faded bedtime......Page 166
Parent education and prevention......Page 167
Nighttime fears interventions......Page 168
Developmental disorders......Page 169
Summary......Page 170
References......Page 171