Key Topics in Clinical Research and Statistics (Key Topics Series (BIOS))

BOOK COVER......Page 1
HALF-TITLE......Page 2
TITLE......Page 5
COPYRIGHT......Page 6
CONTENTS......Page 7
CONTRIBUTORS......Page 9
ABBREVIATIONS......Page 11
PREFACE......Page 13
When to undertake medical research......Page 14
Determining the research area......Page 15
Ideal features of a department in which to undertake medical research......Page 16
Deciding whether to undertake an MD or a PhD......Page 17
Undertaking a successful research project......Page 18
Related topics of interest......Page 19
Project outline......Page 20
Funding......Page 21
Writing the report......Page 22
Related topics of interest......Page 23
Avenues for research ideas......Page 24
Conclusion......Page 25
Related topics of interest......Page 26
What to search......Page 27
The World Wide Web......Page 28
Planning a search......Page 29
Methods of searching bibliographic databases......Page 30
Related topic of interest......Page 32
Process of laboratory research......Page 33
Further Reading......Page 34
Related topics of interest......Page 35
Types of licence......Page 36
Euthanasia and ‘Schedule 1’......Page 37
Special aspects of conducting medical research using animals......Page 38
Further Reading......Page 39
Related topic of interest......Page 40
Ethics and human volunteers......Page 41
Conduct of a volunteer study......Page 43
Related topics of interest......Page 44
What is qualitative research?......Page 45
Qualitative research methods......Page 46
Data collection methods......Page 47
Validity of qualitative research......Page 48
Related topics of interest......Page 49
Types of clinical research......Page 50
Experimental studies......Page 51
Principles of the design of experimental trials......Page 52
Case-control study......Page 56
Cohort study......Page 58
Related topics of interest......Page 59
Methods......Page 60
Minimization method......Page 62
Related topic of interest......Page 63
Protocol of a clinical trial......Page 64
Methodology......Page 65
Statistical considerations......Page 66
Multicentre clinical trials......Page 68
Related topics of interest......Page 69
Types of error in hypothesis testing......Page 70
Factors affecting required sample size......Page 71
Calculating the sample size......Page 73
Related topics of interest......Page 74
General information......Page 75
Recruitment of subjects......Page 76
Consent......Page 77
Compensation......Page 78
Making an application......Page 79
Further reading......Page 80
Related topics of interest......Page 81
General outline of an application......Page 82
General notions......Page 83
Local institutional funding......Page 84
Related topics of interest......Page 85
Methods of data collection......Page 86
Who is involved in data collection for research projects?......Page 88
Further reading......Page 89
Related topics of interest......Page 90
Accuracy of measurements......Page 91
Causes of measurement error......Page 92
Assessment of the accuracy of measurement......Page 93
Further reading......Page 94
Related topics of interest......Page 95
Inferential statistics......Page 96
Related topics of interest......Page 97
Types of data......Page 98
Related topics of interest......Page 99
Summarizing qualitative data......Page 100
Summarizing quantitative data......Page 101
Other types of frequency distributions......Page 106
Related topic of interest......Page 107
Measures of central tendency......Page 108
Measures of dispersion......Page 109
Further reading......Page 113
Related topics of interest......Page 114
Probability......Page 115
The normal distribution......Page 116
Lognormal distributions......Page 121
Testing for normality......Page 122
Related topics of interest......Page 124
Standard error of the mean (SEM)......Page 125
Confidence intervals......Page 126
Comparing the difference between two means......Page 128
Comparing the difference between two proportions......Page 129
Hypothesis testing......Page 130
Hypothesis testing or confidence intervals?......Page 134
Further reading......Page 135
Related topics of interest......Page 136
The t distribution......Page 137
The assumption of normality......Page 139
Confidence intervals and the t distribution......Page 140
One sample t test......Page 141
Paired t test......Page 144
Unpaired or two-sample t test (equal variance assumed)......Page 147
Further Reading......Page 150
Related topics of interest......Page 151
Worked example......Page 152
Further Reading......Page 155
Related topics of interest......Page 156
Assumptions......Page 157
Worked example......Page 158
Nomenclature......Page 161
Further reading......Page 162
One-way ANOVA......Page 163
Two-way ANOVA......Page 165
Repeated measures ANOVA......Page 167
Kruskal-Wallis (Rank) ANOVA......Page 168
Acknowledgement......Page 169
Related topics of interest......Page 170
Chi squared test......Page 171
Worked example......Page 173
Small sample sizes......Page 175
Other uses of chi squared test......Page 176
Related topics of interest......Page 177
Correlation......Page 178
Regression......Page 180
Multiple linear regression......Page 182
Related topics of interest......Page 183
Probability and odds......Page 184
Example......Page 185
Further reading......Page 186
General concepts......Page 187
Worked example 1......Page 188
Life tables......Page 189
Kaplan-Meier survival curves......Page 191
Log rank test......Page 193
Hazard ratio......Page 194
Further reading......Page 195
Related topics of interest......Page 196
Which association test? (Table 2)......Page 197
Algorithms......Page 198
Related topics of interest......Page 199
Features......Page 200
Methods......Page 201
Related topics of interest......Page 203
True and false positives and negatives......Page 204
Negative predictive value (NPV)......Page 205
Related topics of interest......Page 206
Preparation......Page 207
Related topics of interest......Page 209
Case reports and publications......Page 210
Thesis......Page 211
Related topics of interest......Page 213
Vancouver system......Page 214
Harvard System......Page 216
Reference storage and retrieval......Page 217
Related topics of interest......Page 218
Functions of the referee......Page 219
Answering the editor/referees......Page 220
If the paper is rejected......Page 221
Related topic of interest......Page 222
The audit cycle......Page 223
Designing an audit project......Page 224
Audit or research......Page 226
Limitations of audit......Page 227
Related topics of interest......Page 228
Risk adjustment methods......Page 229
Uses of risk adjustment methods......Page 230
Further reading......Page 231
Related topics of interest......Page 232
Case Mix Programme......Page 233
Research......Page 235
Related topics of interest......Page 236
Development of clinical protocols and guidelines......Page 237
Audit of protocols and guidelines......Page 238
Related topic of interest......Page 239
INDEX......Page 240