Key Technologies for Safety Construction of Mined Subsea Tunnels

Preface
About This Book
Contents
1 An Overview of Subsea Tunnel Construction
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 History of the Subsea Tunnel
	1.3 Major Construction Methods of Subsea Tunnels and Their Adaptability
		1.3.1 Drilling and Blasting Method
		1.3.2 Immersed Tube Method
		1.3.3 Tunnel Boring Machine Method (Shield/TBM Method)
		1.3.4 Cofferdam Open Excavation Method
		1.3.5 Suspension Tunneling Method
	1.4 Key Issues in the Construction of Subsea Tunnels
		1.4.1 Typical Water Inrush Disaster in Subsea Tunnels
		1.4.2 Main Features of Subsea Tunnel Engineering
		1.4.3 Key Issues and Technical Support
	1.5 Progress in Subsea Tunnel Research
		1.5.1 Determination of Reasonable Rock Cover Thickness
		1.5.2 Advanced Geological Prediction and Assurance System
		1.5.3 Grouting and Reinforcement Technology for Unfavorable Geological Bodies
		1.5.4 Tunnel Structure Design and Waterproof and Drainage Technology
		1.5.5 Security Risk Management Techniques
	1.6 Issues and Challenges
2 Safety Risk Control System Throughout the Lifecycle of Subsea Tunnels
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Safety Risk Characteristics Throughout the Lifecycle of Subsea Tunnel Construction
	2.3 Mechanisms of Safety Risks During the Lifecycle of Subsea Tunnel Construction
		2.3.1 Sources of Safety Risks to the Subsea Tunnel
		2.3.2 Mechanisms for the Formation of Safety Risks Throughout the Lifecycle of Subsea Tunnel Construction
	2.4 Establishment of a System for Safety Risk Management in Subsea Tunnels
		2.4.1 Key Elements and Processes of Safety Risk Management in Subsea Tunnels
		2.4.2 Safety Risk Control System for the Lifecycle of Subsea Tunnel Construction
	2.5 Safety Risk Factors and Their Evaluation Throughout the Lifecycle of Subsea Tunnels
		2.5.1 Analysis of the Safety Risk Environment Throughout the Lifecycle of the Subsea Tunnel
		2.5.2 Identification and Analysis of Safety Risk Factors Throughout the Lifecycle of the Subsea Tunnel
		2.5.3 Evaluation of Safety Risk Factors Throughout the Lifecycle of the Subsea Tunnel
	2.6 Analysis and Assessment of the Safety Risks of Water Inrush in Subsea Tunnel Construction
		2.6.1 Probability Analysis of Water Inrush Safety Risks in the Construction of Subsea Tunnels
		2.6.2 Analysis of the Consequence Severity of Water Inrush Safety Risks in the Construction of Subsea Tunnels
		2.6.3 Comprehensive Assessment of the Safety Risks of Water Inrush in the Construction of Subsea Tunnels
	2.7 Safety Risk Control Technology for Subsea Tunnels
		2.7.1 Risk Control Essentials for the Lifecycle of Subsea Tunnel Construction
		2.7.2 Geological Safeguard Technology for the Construction of Subsea Tunnels
		2.7.3 Determination Method of the Horizontal and Vertical Cross-Sections of Subsea Tunnels Based on Risk Factors
	2.8 Emergency Management System for the Subsea Tunnel
		2.8.1 Techniques for the Prevention and Control of Mud and Water Inrush
		2.8.2 Automatic Personnel Identification and Remote Imaging System in Tunnels
		2.8.3 Major Construction Risk Response Technologies
3 Water Inrush Mechanism and Evolution in Subsea Tunnels
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Conditions and Characteristics of Water Inrush for Subsea Tunnel
		3.2.1 Gestation Conditions for Water Inrush
		3.2.2 Unfavorable Geological Body in Water Inrush
		3.2.3 Analysis of Characteristics of Tunnel Water Inrush
	3.3 Subsea Tunnel Water Inrush Modes
		3.3.1 Hydraulic Fracturing
		3.3.2 Ground Collapse
		3.3.3 Structural Surface Slip
	3.4 Mechanical Model of Stress Field in Surrounding Rock of Subsea Tunnel
		3.4.1 Stress Field in the Tunnel-Surrounding Rock of the Anhydrous Ground
		3.4.2 Surrounding Rock Stress Fields in Water-Bearing Ground
	3.5 Mechanisms and Evolution of Hydraulic-Fracturing Water Inrush
		3.5.1 Crack Initiation Conditions for Hydraulic Fracturing
		3.5.2 Crack Initiation Criterion of Surrounding Rock in Subsea Tunnel
		3.5.3 Evolution Rule of Hydraulic-Fracturing Water Inrush
	3.6 Mechanisms and Evolution of Ground-Collapsing Water Inrush
		3.6.1 Discriminatory Method of Tunnel Collapse
		3.6.2 Evolution Rule of Ground-Collapsing Water Inrush
	3.7 Mechanism and Evolution of Structural Surface-Slipping Water Inrush
		3.7.1 Discriminatory Method for Structural Surface Slip Instability
		3.7.2 Evolution Rule of Structural Surface-Slipping Water Inrush
	3.8 Characteristics of Water Inrush Process in Subsea Tunnels and Early-Warning Methods
		3.8.1 Phased Features of Water Inrush in Subsea Tunnels
		3.8.2 Water Inrush-Warning Alarm Method for Subsea Tunnels
4 Compound-Grouting Technology and Its Application in Subsea Tunnel-Surrounding Rock
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Compound-Grouting Concept of Tunnel
	4.3 Analysis of Mechanical Properties of Grouting Body
		4.3.1 Formation Mechanism of the Slurry Vein in Compound-Grouting System
		4.3.2 Stability Analysis of Slurry Vein Skeleton
		4.3.3 Stability Analysis of the Composite-Grouting Body
	4.4 Composite-Grouting Body-Forming Control and Performance Parameter Design
		4.4.1 Internal Structural-Forming Control of Grouting Body
		4.4.2 Mechanical Properties of the Composite Body
		4.4.3 Split-Grouting Principle of Fully Weathered Granite Ground
		4.4.4 Compound-Grouting Mechanism in Fully and Strongly Weathered Granite Ground
	4.5 Selection Methods of Grouting Materials for Subsea Tunnels
		4.5.1 Principles of Grouting Material Selection
		4.5.2 Experimental Study on the Durability of Cement Concretion in Seawater Environment
		4.5.3 Physical and Mechanical Tests of Different Grouting Materials
		4.5.4 Marisan Used in the Field Water-Plugging Test at the Junction of Soil and Stone in the Right Guide Hole
	4.6 Grouting Equipment Selection and Process Design of Subsea Tunnel
		4.6.1 Principle of Grouting Method Selection
		4.6.2 Design of Grouting Parameters
		4.6.3 Bore Grouting Construction Process
		4.6.4 Selection of Grouting Equipment
	4.7 Detection and Evaluation Method of Grouting Effect in Subsea Tunnel
		4.7.1 Grouting Effect Inspection Method
		4.7.2 Selection of Grouting Effect Evaluation Method and Criteria
		4.7.3 Determination of Grouting Effect Evaluation Criteria
	4.8 Engineering Application of Compound Grouting
		4.8.1 Compound-Grouting Modes
		4.8.2 Overview of F1-Weathered Trough Project
		4.8.3 Marisan-Grouting Scheme for Cracked Rock Mass at the Lower Bench
		4.8.4 Full-Section Curtain-Grouting Scheme at Upper Bench
5 Elaborate Process Control Technology for Unfavorable Geological Sections of Subsea Tunnels
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Safety Evaluation of Seabed Based on Ground Deformation
		5.2.1 Deformation Distribution Characteristics of Overlying Ground
		5.2.2 Ground Deformation Transfer Law
		5.2.3 Ground Cracking Damage and Deformation Relationship
	5.3 Deformation Monitoring Program of the Subsea Tunnel Surrounding Rock
		5.3.1 Project Overview
		5.3.2 Monitoring Section Layout
		5.3.3 Monitoring Buried Equipment
	5.4 Measured Deformation Law of the Surrounding Rock of Subsea Tunnel with a Large Section
		5.4.1 Basic Laws of Ground Settlement and Its Transmission
		5.4.2 Distribution of the Ground Deformation Rate
		5.4.3 Analysis of Horizontal Ground Deformation
	5.5 Elaborate Process Control Technology for Ground Deformation of Subsea Tunnel with Large Section
		5.5.1 Determination Method for Ground Deformation Control Standards
		5.5.2 Deformation Control Standard for Subsea Tunnels Crossing Weathered Troughs
		5.5.3 Key Technology of Ground Deformation Control for Subsea Tunnel
		5.5.4 Ground Settlement Control Scheme and Implementation Effect
6 Active Control Waterproof and Drainage System and Structural Design Method for Subsea Tunnels
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Active-Controlled Waterproof and Drainage Design Concept
		6.2.1 Design Concept for Controlled Drainage
		6.2.2 Subsea Tunnel Waterproof and Drainage Systems and Their Synergistic Effects
	6.3 Impermeability Grade of the Subsea Tunnel’s Surrounding Rock
		6.3.1 Indicator System for Grading the Permeability of Tunnel Surrounding Rock
		6.3.2 Method of Grading the Impermeability of Tunnel Surrounding Rocks
		6.3.3 Recommended Disposal Options for Different Impermeability Grades of Surrounding Rock
	6.4 Water Seepage Prediction Method for Subsea Tunnels
		6.4.1 Development of the Overall Mechanical Model
		6.4.2 Model Solving
		6.4.3 Analysis of the Impermeability of Grouted Reinforcement Rings
		6.4.4 Analysis of the Impermeability of the Primary Support Structure
	6.5 Water Load Calculation for Waterproof and Drainage Structural Systems
		6.5.1 Water Load Calculation Model
		6.5.2 Calculation of Water Load in the Reinforcement Ring of the Surrounding Rock
		6.5.3 Calculation of the Water Load on the Primary Support Structure
	6.6 Active Control Waterproof and Drainage Design Method
		6.6.1 Waterproof and Drainage System Design Procedures
		6.6.2 Water Load Calculation for Water Plugging Systems
		6.6.3 Methods for Evaluating the Synergy of Waterproof and Drainage and Structural Systems
		6.6.4 Engineering Application Examples
	6.7 Structural Safety-Based Cross-Sectional Optimization Method for Subsea Tunnels
		6.7.1 Principles for Optimizing Cross-Sections in Subsea Tunnels
		6.7.2 Overview of the Qingdao Jiaozhou Bay Subsea Tunnel Project
		6.7.3 Determination of the Structural Load for Cross-Sectional Optimization of Subsea Tunnels
		6.7.4 Optimal Design Method for Cross-Sections of Subsea Tunnels
		6.7.5 Optimal Design of Large Section Interval Support in the Jiaozhou Bay Tunnel
	6.8 Design Principles for Waterproof and Drainage Systems in Subsea Tunnel Construction Under Complex Conditions
		6.8.1 Basic Principles of Waterproof and Drainage System Design
		6.8.2 Maintainable Waterproof and Drainage Systems
		6.8.3 Zoned Waterproofing
References