Key Questions in Language Teaching

Half title
Title page
Imprints page
Dedication
Contents
Acknowledgments
Prologue
1 What Do We Know About Second Language Acquisition and What Are the Implications for Second Language Teaching?
	Overview
	What Is Second Language Acquisition?
	What Are the Key Theories in Second Language Acquisition?
		Behaviorism
		The Universal Grammar Theory
		The Monitor Theory
		The Interaction Hypothesis
		The Processability Theory
		The Input Processing Theory
		The Skill Acquisition Theory
		Emergentism
		The Complexity Theory
		The Sociocultural Theory
	What Are the Similarities and Differences Between L1 and L2 Acquisition?
		To What Extent Are First Language (L1) and Second Language (L2) Acquisition Similar or Different?
			Similarities
			Differences
		To What Extent Do Learners Transfer the L1 System into the New L2 System?
	What Is the Nature of Language?
		Complex
		Abstract
		Implicit
	How Does the Language System Develop?
		Stagelike
		Orderlike
	What Is the Role of Input?
	What Is the Role of Output?
		What Are Some of the Implications of Our Discussion on Output for Language Teaching?
	What Is the Role of Instruction?
	Recap
		Overall Implications for Teachers and Teaching
	References and Readings
	Discussion and Questions
2 How Has Second Language Teaching Methodology Evolved over the Years?
	Overview
	The Grammar Translation Method
		The Main Principles
		Pedagogical Procedures
	The Direct Method
		The Main Principles
		Pedagogical Procedures
	The Audio-Lingual Method
		The Main Principles
		Pedagogical Procedures
	The Total Physical Response Method
		The Main Principles
		Pedagogical Procedures
	The Natural Approach
		The Main Principles
		Pedagogical Procedures
	The Communicative Language Teaching Approach
		The Main Principles
		Pedagogical Procedures
	Content and Language Integrated Learning
		The Main Principles
		Pedagogical Procedures
	Task-Based Language Teaching
		The Main Principles
		Pedagogical Procedures
	Recap
	References and Readings
	Discussion and Questions
3 What Is the Nature and Role of Communication and Interactive Tasks (Speaking and Writing)?
	Overview
	What Is Communication?
		Expression and Interpretation
		Negotiation of Meaning
		Context and Purpose
		Communicative Competence
	What Is a Task?
		Exemplary Study
			Main aims of the study:
			Participants:
			Materials and procedure:
			Results and significance:
	What Is the Nature and Role of Speaking Interactive Tasks?
		Exchange Information Tasks
			Identify a Desired Information Outcome
			Identify Information Sources
			Break Down the Topic into Subtopics
			Create and Sequence Concrete Tasks for Learners to Complete
			Build In Linguistic Support
				Step 1.
				Step 2.
				Step 3.
					EXAMPLE:
					EXAMPLE:
				Step 4.
		Jigsaw Tasks
		Information-Gap Tasks
			Step 1.
			Step 2.
		Information gap task
	How Do We Plan a Lesson with Tasks?
		Vocabulary
			Activity A
			Activity B
				EXAMPLE:
			Activity C
				EXAMPLE:
				EXAMPLE:
			Grammar
				Activity D
					Step 1.
					Step 2.
			Functions
	Recap
	How Do We Develop Effective Writing Tasks?
		The Nature and Role of Writing
			A Cognitive-Process Approach
		Generating Content
			Step 1.
			Step 2.
			Step 3.
		Define Audience and Purpose
			Step 1.
			Step 2.
		Planning and Organizing
			Step 1.
			Step 2.
			Step 3.
			Step 4.
		Composing
			Step 1.
			Step 2.
	Writing Interactive Tasks
		The Prewriting Phase
		The Writing Phase
		Language Focus
		Exemplary Study:
			Participants:
			Materials and procedure:
			Results:
			Conclusion:
	Recap
	References and Readings
	Discussion and Questions
		What Did You Do Last Summer?
			Step 1.
			Step 2.
			Step 3.
			Step 4.
			Step 5.
4 What Is the Nature and Role of Listening and Reading Comprehension Tasks?
	Overview
	What Is the Role of Input in the Classroom?
	How Do You Develop Effective Listening Comprehension Tasks?
		The Nature and Role of Listening
			Bottom-Up Strategies
			Top-Down Strategies
			Listening as an Active and Interactive Skill
		Developing Interactive Tasks
			Difficulty of a Listening Task
			Type of Classroom Task
			A Task-Based Approach to Listening
	Listening Text
		Prelistening phase
		While-Listening Phase
		Postlistening Phase
		Exemplary Study
			Participants:
			Materials and procedure:
			Results:
			Conclusion:
	Recap
	How Do You Develop Effective Reading Comprehension Tasks?
		The Nature and Role of Reading Comprehension
			Bottom-Up and Top-Down Strategies
			The Schema Theory
		Reading Comprehension Interactive Tasks
		Stage 1– Prereading Phase
	Racism and Discrimination
		Stage 2 – Reading Phase
		Stage 3 – Interaction with the Text (While-Reading Phase)
			Based on what you read, indicate if these statements are true or false.
			Find the synonym for the following words in the text.
		Stage 4 – Postreading Phase and Personalization
		Exemplary Study
			Participants:
			Materials and procedure:
			Results:
			Conclusion:
	Recap
	References and Readings
	Discussion, Questions, and Research Ideas
5 What Is the Nature and Role of Grammar, Vocabulary, and Corrective Feedback?
	Overview
	What Is the Role of Grammar Instruction?
		Paradigm
		Formazione del participio passato
		Mechanical Drill
		Meaningful Drill
		Communicative Drill
	What Are the Options to Effectively Teach Grammar?
		Input-Based Options to Grammar Instruction
			Exemplary Study
			Main aims of the study:
			Participants:
			Materials and procedure:
			Results and significance:
			Structured Input Tasks
		Instructor’s Script
			Step 1
			Step 2
			Step 3
		Input Enhancement
			Step 1.
			Step 2.
			Step 1.
			Step 2.
			Input Flood
		Structured-Based Focused Options
		Consciousness-Raising Tasks
			Step 1
			Step 2
			Step 3
			Step 4
			Output-Based Options to Grammar Instruction
			Dictogloss
			Structured Output Tasks
				Step 1.
				Step 2.
				Step 3.
				Step 4.
				Step 1.
					Example:
				Step 2.
					Example:
				Step 3.
				Step 4.
			Focus on Form Is Not a Singular Thing. There Is No One Way to Do It. Language Teachers Have Options.
			Because Focus on Form Exists Does Not Mean Teachers Have to Focus on Form.
			What Is the Role of Vocabulary?
			Vocabulary
				Activity A
				Activity B
				Activity C
	Recap
	What Is the Nature of Corrective Feedback?
		Should Errors Be Corrected?
	What Is the Role of Corrective Feedback?
		How Should We Correct Errors?
			Recast
		Explicit Corrective Feedback
		Metalinguistic Feedback
		Elicitation
		Clarification Requests
		Prompt
		Repetition
		Translation
		Nonverbal Feedback
		Exemplary Study
			Main aims of the study:
			Participants:
			Materials and procedure:
			Results:
			Conclusion:
	Recap
	References and Readings
	Discussion and Questions
6 How Do We Carry Out Second Language Research?
	Overview
	What Are the Main Characteristics?
		Example:
		Example:
	What Are the Main Research Designs?
		Action Research Design
		Exemplary Study
			Participants:
			Materials and procedure:
			Results:
			Conclusion:
		Experimental Research Design
			Example:
			Example:
		Exemplary Study
			Participants:
			Materials and procedure:
			Results:
			Conclusion:
		Observation Design
		Exemplary Study
			Participants:
			Materials and procedure:
			Results:
			Conclusion:
		Case Study Design
		Exemplary Study
			Participants:
			Materials and procedure:
			Results:
			Conclusion:
	What Are the Main Instruments to Collect Data?
		Observation Schemes
			Example:
		Questionnaires
		Tests
			Example:
		Interviews
		Self-Paced Reading/Listening
		Cross-Modal Priming
		Eye-Tracking with Text
		Event-Related Potentials
	What Are the Main Procedures?
	References and Readings
	Discussion and Questions
		Please Answer the Following Questions:
7 An Overall Evaluation of the Key Questions in This Book
	What Do We Know about Second Language Acquisition That Is Useful for Language Teachers and Teaching?
	Is There a Particular Language Teaching Method or Approach Better Than Others?
	Is There a Particular Type of Speaking Task Better Than Others?
	Is There a Particular Type of Writing Interactive Task Better Than Others?
	Is There a Particular Type of Listening Comprehension Task Better Than Others?
	Is There a Particular Type of Reading Comprehension Task Better Than Others?
	Is There a Particular Type of Explicit Information (Rules Explanation) Better Than Others?
	Is There a Particular Pedagogical Intervention to Grammar Instruction More Effective Than Others?
	Is There a Particular Type of Error Correction Better Than Others?
Epilogue
Glossary
References and Readings
Index