Key events in African history: a reference guide

Cover......Page 1
Key Events in African History......Page 4
Contents......Page 8
Preface......Page 10
Acknowledgments......Page 12
ANCIENT PERIOD......Page 14
PRECOLONIAL PERIOD......Page 15
COLONIAL PERIOD......Page 20
POSTCOLONIAL PERIOD......Page 22
PART I  The Ancient and Precolonial Period......Page 26
PERCEPTION AND KNOWLEDGE......Page 28
GEOGRAPHY AND PEOPLE......Page 29
THE AFRICAN HERITAGE......Page 31
THE REGIONS OF AFRICA......Page 33
HISTORICAL PHASES......Page 35
CONTEMPORARY CHALLENGES......Page 39
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING......Page 41
1  The Prehistoric Past: The Evolution of Homo sapiens sapiens, 40,000 B.C.......Page 43
THE FAMILY HOMO (MAN)......Page 44
“STONE AGE” TECHNOLOGY......Page 45
THE LIFESTYLES OF HOMO SAPIENS SAPIENS......Page 46
MAJOR OCCUPATIONS OF HOMO SAPIENS SAPIENS......Page 47
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING......Page 49
2  The Agricultural Revolution, 5000 B.C.+......Page 51
THE EARLY HISTORY OF FARMING......Page 53
THE EARLY HISTORY OF PASTORALISM......Page 54
THE CONSEQUENCES OF AGRICULTURE......Page 55
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING......Page 58
EARLY FOUNDATIONS......Page 59
THE MIDDLE KINGDOM, 2040–1785 B.C.......Page 60
THE NEW KINGDOM, 1570–1085 B.C.......Page 62
THE CIVILIZATION OF ANCIENT EGYPT......Page 63
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING......Page 67
METALWORKING: HISTORY AND SIGNIFICANCE......Page 68
IRON IN WEST AFRICA......Page 71
THE EVIDENCE......Page 74
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE SPREAD OF THE BANTU......Page 76
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING......Page 78
THE FIRST IRON AGE KINGDOM: KUSH......Page 79
MEROITIC CULTURE AND SOCIETY......Page 82
AKSUM CULTURE AND SOCIETY......Page 83
THE FALL OF AKSUM......Page 85
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING......Page 86
EGYPT UNDER THE PTOLEMIES: ECONOMY......Page 87
IMPACT OF GREEK CULTURE......Page 89
THE ROMAN ERA......Page 91
A NEW RELIGION: CHRISTIANITY......Page 92
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING......Page 93
THE ZAGWE DYNASTY, 1150–1270......Page 94
CHRISTIANITY......Page 95
THE SOLOMONID DYNASTY, 1270–1550......Page 98
ETHIOPIA AND ITS MUSLIM RIVALS......Page 101
NOTES......Page 102
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING......Page 103
8  The Spread of Islam, A.D. 622 Onward......Page 104
THE PROPHET MUHAMMAD AND THE ORIGINS OF ISLAM......Page 106
THE ARAB INVASIONS AND THE SPREAD OF ISLAM......Page 108
ARAB RULE AND ISLAM IN NORTH AFRICA......Page 109
ISLAM IN OTHER PARTS OF AFRICA......Page 110
THE IMPACT OF ISLAM......Page 111
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING......Page 114
TRADING STATES......Page 115
THE TRANS-SAHARAN TRADE......Page 116
GHANA, A.D. 1000+......Page 118
MALI, A.D. 1230+......Page 120
SONGHAY, A.D. 1468+......Page 124
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING......Page 126
THE INDIAN OCEAN TRADE AND AZANIA......Page 127
THE SWAHILI CITY–STATES......Page 129
THE SWAHILI CULTURE AND SOCIETY......Page 131
THE END OF SWAHILI CIVILIZATION......Page 132
NOTES......Page 133
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING......Page 134
EUROPEAN CONTACTS......Page 135
THE SLAVE TRADE......Page 136
SLAVE RESISTANCE......Page 140
THE IMPACT OF THE SLAVE TRADE......Page 141
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING......Page 143
KINSHIP, MARRIAGE, AND FAMILY LIFE......Page 144
LIFE STAGES......Page 146
RELIGION......Page 147
ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES......Page 148
POLITICAL SYSTEMS......Page 150
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING......Page 153
PART II  The Nineteenth-Century Period......Page 154
UTHMAN DAN FODIO......Page 156
THE CAUSES OF THE JIHAD......Page 158
FACTORS LEADING TO THE SUCCESS OF THE JIHAD......Page 160
THE CALIPHATE......Page 161
NOTES......Page 163
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING......Page 164
THE YORUBA AND THEIR WARS......Page 165
THE CAUSES OF WARS......Page 169
THE CHARACTERISTICS OF WARS......Page 170
THE CONSEQUENCES OF WARS......Page 171
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING......Page 172
A HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY......Page 174
MISSIONARY WORK IN SIERRA LEONE......Page 177
MISSIONARIES IN OTHER AREAS......Page 178
THE IMPACT OF CHRISTIANITY......Page 179
NOTE......Page 182
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING......Page 183
PRELUDE TO THE RISE OF MUHAMMAD ALI......Page 184
THE MODERNIZATION OF EGYPT......Page 186
MILITARY REFORMS AND WARS......Page 188
EGYPT AND THE EUROPEAN POWERS......Page 189
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING......Page 191
EXPLAINING THE MFECANE......Page 192
SHAKA AND THE ZULU KINGDOM......Page 194
THE IMPACT......Page 197
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING......Page 199
18  European Conquest and African Response, 1885–1900......Page 200
REASONS FOR THE PARTITION......Page 202
THE PROCESS......Page 203
AFRICAN RESPONSE......Page 205
WHY EUROPEANS WERE SUCCESSFUL......Page 207
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING......Page 208
PART III  The Twentieth-Century Period......Page 210
POLITICS AND ADMINISTRATION......Page 212
The British and Indirect Rule......Page 214
The French System......Page 215
THE ECONOMY......Page 217
SOCIOCULTURAL CHANGES......Page 219
POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE CHANGES?......Page 220
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING......Page 221
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND......Page 222
BRITISH IMPERIALISM, 1870–1910......Page 223
THE SOUTH AFRICAN (OR BOER) WAR AND ITS AFTERMATH......Page 224
MINORITY RULE AND BLACK SEGREGATION......Page 225
APARTHEID: THEORY AND PRACTICE AFTER 1948......Page 227
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING......Page 228
21  Africa Drawn into the Second World War, 1940–45......Page 230
AFRICA’S CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE WAR......Page 231
THE IMPACT OF THE WAR: POLITICS AND NATIONALISM......Page 233
ECONOMIC AND OTHER IMPACTS......Page 235
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING......Page 236
FOUNDATIONS OF NATIONALISM......Page 237
PAN-AFRICANISM......Page 238
THE RADICAL PHASE......Page 239
West Africa: Ghana and Nigeria......Page 241
West Africa: French-Speaking Countries......Page 242
North Africa: Morocco......Page 243
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING......Page 245
NATIONALIST POLITICS IN KENYA......Page 246
THE MAU MAU REBELLION......Page 247
THE IMPACT OF THE MAU MAU......Page 249
ALGERIA: BACKGROUND TO VIOLENCE......Page 250
THE ALGERIAN WAR, 1954–62......Page 252
FRANZT FANON AND THE ALGERIAN REVOLUTION......Page 254
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING......Page 255
THE GAINS OF INDEPENDENCE......Page 256
Political Crises......Page 260
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING......Page 262
MISSION OF THE OAU......Page 264
AGENCIES AND FUNCTIONS......Page 265
CONTRIBUTIONS......Page 266
LIMITATIONS AND PROBLEMS......Page 268
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING......Page 270
26  Coups, Counter Coups, and Military Regimes, 1963 Onward......Page 271
CAUSES OF MILITARY INTERVENTION......Page 273
THE IMPACT......Page 275
CONCLUSION......Page 277
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING......Page 278
27  Ujamaa and Policy Choices, 1967 Onward......Page 279
UJAMAA IN TANZANIA......Page 280
OTHER SOCIALIST THINKERS......Page 283
THE CAPITALIST OPTION......Page 284
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING......Page 285
28  The Creation of the Economic Community of West African States, 1975......Page 287
OBJECTIVES......Page 289
PROBLEMS......Page 291
REGIONAL UNITY FOR DEVELOPMENT......Page 292
THE RELEVANCE OF REGIONAL INTEGRATION......Page 293
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING......Page 294
LONG RETENTION......Page 295
PORTUGUESE MIGRANTS AND RACE RELATIONS......Page 299
NATIONALISM AND WARS......Page 301
PORTUGAL’S REACTIONS......Page 303
THE LAST DAYS OF PORTUGUESE RULE......Page 304
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING......Page 305
30  Cultural Revival and Cultural Inventory: The Second World Black Festival of Arts and Culture, 1977......Page 306
WHAT IS FESTAC?......Page 307
CULTURAL HERITAGE......Page 308
Art......Page 309
Traditional Music......Page 311
Oral and Written Literature......Page 312
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING......Page 313
31  The Women’s Decade, 1975–85......Page 314
WOMEN’S CONDITIONS......Page 315
WOMEN IN PRECOLONIAL SOCIETIES......Page 316
THE CONTEMPORARY REALITY......Page 317
CONDITIONS AND GENDER DIFFERENCES......Page 318
RATIONALIZATION OF GENDER RELATIONS......Page 319
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING......Page 320
UNDERDEVELOPMENT......Page 322
Agriculture and Food Crisis......Page 323
Health......Page 325
Population Growth......Page 326
REASONS FOR ECONOMIC PROBLEMS......Page 327
POLITICAL WOES......Page 328
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING......Page 329
SOIL DEGRADATION AND EROSION......Page 330
DEFORESTATION......Page 331
INDUSTRIALIZATION AND URBANIZATION......Page 333
ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT......Page 334
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING......Page 336
CAUSES AND CASES......Page 337
CARE, CONCERNS, AND PROBLEMS......Page 340
CONCLUSION......Page 343
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING......Page 344
35  Africa in World Politics in Transition, 1980s Onward......Page 345
AFRICA AND THE SUPERPOWERS......Page 347
THE ROLE OF FRANCE......Page 349
POST–COLD WAR RELATIONS......Page 350
THE DETERMINANTS OF FOREIGN POLICY......Page 351
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING......Page 352
BLACK RADICALISM......Page 353
REFORMS......Page 356
PRESIDENT MANDELA IN POWER......Page 358
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING......Page 360
Index......Page 362
About the Author......Page 374