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ویرایش: 8 نویسندگان: Gerald Karp, Janet Iwasa, Wallace Marshall سری: ISBN (شابک) : 1118886143, 9781118886144 ناشر: Wiley سال نشر: 2015 تعداد صفحات: 930 زبان: English فرمت فایل : PDF (درصورت درخواست کاربر به PDF، EPUB یا AZW3 تبدیل می شود) حجم فایل: 91 مگابایت
در صورت تبدیل فایل کتاب Karp's Cell and Molecular Biology: Concepts and Experiments به فرمت های PDF، EPUB، AZW3، MOBI و یا DJVU می توانید به پشتیبان اطلاع دهید تا فایل مورد نظر را تبدیل نمایند.
توجه داشته باشید کتاب زیست شناسی سلولی و مولکولی کارپ: مفاهیم و آزمایشات نسخه زبان اصلی می باشد و کتاب ترجمه شده به فارسی نمی باشد. وبسایت اینترنشنال لایبرری ارائه دهنده کتاب های زبان اصلی می باشد و هیچ گونه کتاب ترجمه شده یا نوشته شده به فارسی را ارائه نمی دهد.
این متن یک نسخه بدون قید و سه سوراخ است. طراحی شده برای دورههای زیستشناسی سلولی ارائهشده در سطح دوم/جونیور، Karp's زیستشناسی سلولی و مولکولی: مفاهیم و آزمایشها، نسخه آماده بایندر، ویرایش هشتم همچنان بهترین کتاب موجود در بازار در ارتباط مفاهیم کلیدی با آزمایشهایی است که نشان میدهد ما چگونه میدانیم در دنیای زیستشناسی سلولی چه میدانیم. این متن کلاسیک مفاهیم اصلی را در عمق قابل توجهی بررسی می کند و اغلب جزئیات تجربی را اضافه می کند. برای کمک به دانشآموزان در مدیریت انبوهی از جزئیاتی که در دوره زیستشناسی سلولی با آن مواجه میشوند، به سبکی دعوتکننده و در حد متوسط نوشته شده است. در این نسخه، دو نویسنده مشترک جدید سکان هدایت را بر عهده می گیرند و به گسترش نقاط قوت بارز کتاب، به روز رسانی و ادغام متن و رسانه به روشی مفید کمک می کنند و تجربه یادگیری دانش آموزان را بهبود می بخشند.
This text is an unbound, three hole punched version. Designed for courses in Cell Biology offered at the Sophomore/Junior level, Karp's Cell and Molecular Biology: Concepts and Experiments, Binder Ready Version, 8th Edition continues to be the best book in the market at connecting key concepts to the experiments that reveal how we know what we know in the world of Cell Biology. This classic text explores core concepts in considerable depth, often adding experimental detail. It is written in an inviting style and at mid-length, to assist students in managing the plethora of details encountered in the Cell Biology course. In this edition, two new co-authors take the helm and help to expand upon the hallmark strengths of the book, update and integrate text and media in a useful way, improving the student learning experience.
Front Cover About the Cover Title Page Copyright Page About the Authors Preface to the Eighth Edition CONTENTS (with drect page links) 1. Introduction to the Study of Cell and Molecular Biology 1.1 The Discovery of Cells Microscopy Cell Theory 1.2 Basic Properties of Cells Cells Are Highly Complex and Organized Cells Possess a Genetic Program and the Means to Use It Cells Are Capable of Producing More of Themselves Cells Acquire and Utilize Energy Cells Carry Out a Variety of Chemical Reactions Cells Engage in Mechanical Activities Cells Are Able to Respond to Stimuli Cells Are Capable of Self-Regulation Cells Evolve 1.3 Characteristics That Distinguish Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells 1.4 Types of Prokaryotic Cells Domain Archaea and Domain Bacteria Prokaryotic Diversity 1.5 Types of Eukaryotic Cells Cell Differentiation Model Organisms 1.6 THE HUMAN PERSPECTIVE: The Prospect of Cell Replacement Therapy 1.7 The Sizes of Cells and Their Components 1.8 Viruses and Viroids 1.9 EXPERIMENTAL PATHWAYS: The Origin of Eukaryotic Cells Analytic Questions 2. The Chemical Basis of Life 2.1 Covalent Bonds Polar and Nonpolar Molecules Ionization 2.2 THE HUMAN PERSPECTIVE: Do Free Radicals Cause Aging? 2.3 Noncovalent Bonds Ionic Bonds: Attractions between Charged Atoms Hydrogen Bonds Hydrophobic Interactions and van der Waals Forces The Life-Supporting Properties of Water 2.4 Acids, Bases, and Buffers 2.5 The Nature of Biological Molecules Functional Groups A Classification of Biological Molecules by Function 2.6 Carbohydrates The Structure of Simple Sugars Stereoisomerism Linking Sugars Together Polysaccharides 2.7 Lipids Fats Steroids Phospholipids 2.8 Building Blocks of Proteins The Structures of Amino Acids The Properties of the Side Chains 2.9 Primary and Secondary Structures of Proteins Primary Structure Secondary Structure 2.10 Tertiary Structure of Proteins Myoglobin: The First Globular Protein Whose Tertiary Structure Was Determined Tertiary Structure May Reveal Unexpected Similarities between Proteins Protein Domains Dynamic Changes within Proteins 2.11 Quaternary Structure of Proteins The Structure of Hemoglobin Protein–Protein Interactions 2.12 Protein Folding Dynamics of Protein Folding The Role of Molecular Chaperones 2.13 THE HUMAN PERSPECTIVE: Protein Misfolding Can Have Deadly Consequences 2.14 EXPERIMENTAL PATHWAYS: Chaperones—Helping Proteins Reach Their Proper Folded State 2.15 Proteomics and Interactomics Proteomics Interactomics 2.16 Protein Engineering Production of Novel Proteins Structure-Based Drug Design 2.17 Protein Adaptation and Evolution 2.18 Nucleic Acids 2.19 The Formation of Complex Macromolecular Structures The Assembly of Tobacco Mosaic Virus Particles The Assembly of Ribosomal Subunits Analytic Questions 3. Bioenergetics, Enzymes, and Metabolism 3.1 The Laws of Thermodynamics The First Law of Thermodynamics The Second Law of Thermodynamics 3.2 Free Energy Free-Energy Changes in Chemical Reactions Free-Energy Changes in Metabolic Reactions 3.3 Coupling Endergonic and Exergonic Reactions 3.4 Equilibrium versus Steady-State Metabolism 3.5 Enzymes as Biological Catalysts The Properties of Enzymes Overcoming the Activation Energy Barrier The Active Site 3.6 Mechanisms of Enzyme Catalysis Substrate Orientation Changing Substrate Reactivity Inducing Strain in the Substrate 3.7 Enzyme Kinetics The Michaelis-Menten Model of Enzyme Kinetics Enzyme Inhibitors 3.8 THE HUMAN PERSPECTIVE: The Growing Problem of Antibiotic Resistance 3.9 An Overview of Metabolism Oxidation and Reduction: A Matter of Electrons The Capture and Utilization of Energy 3.10 Glycolysis and Fermentation ATP Production in Glycolysis Anaerobic Oxidation of Pyruvate: The Process of Fermentation 3.11 Reducing Power 3.12 Metabolic Regulation Altering Enzyme Activity by Covalent Modification Altering Enzyme Activity by Allosteric Modulation 3.13 Separating Catabolic and Anabolic Pathways 3.14 THE HUMAN PERSPECTIVE: Caloric Restriction and Longevity Analytic Questions 4. The Structure and Function of the Plasma Membrane 4.1 Introduction to the Plasma Membrane An Overview of Membrane Functions A Brief History of Studies on Plasma Membrane Structure 4.2 The Lipid Composition of Membranes Membrane Lipids The Nature and Importance of the Lipid Bilayer The Asymmetry of Membrane Lipids 4.3 Membrane Carbohydrates 4.4 Membrane Proteins Integral Membrane Proteins Peripheral Membrane Proteins Lipid-Anchored Membrane Proteins 4.5 Studying the Structure and Properties of Integral Membrane Proteins Identifying Transmembrane Domains Experimental Approaches to Identifying Conformational Changes within an Integral Membrane Protein 4.6 Membrane Lipids and Membrane Fluidity The Importance of Membrane Fluidity Maintaining Membrane Fluidity Lipid Rafts 4.7 The Dynamic Nature of the Plasma Membrane The Diffusion of Membrane Proteins after Cell Fusion Restrictions on Protein and Lipid Mobility 4.8 The Red Blood Cell: An Example of Plasma Membrane Structure Integral Proteins of the Erythrocyte Membrane The Erythrocyte Membrane Skeleton 4.9 Solute Movement across Cell Membranes The Energetics of Solute Movement Formation of an Electrochemical Gradient 4.10 Diffusion through the Lipid Bilayer Diffusion of Substances through Membranes The Diffusion of Water through Membranes 4.11 The Diffusion of Ions through Membranes 4.12 EXPERIMENTAL PATHWAYS: The Acetylcholine Receptor 4.13 Facilitated Diffusion 4.14 Active Transport Primary Active Transport: Coupling Transport to ATP Hydrolysis Other Primary Ion Transport Systems Using Light Energy to Actively Transport Ions Secondary Active Transport (or Cotransport): Coupling Transport to Existing Ion Gradients 4.15 THE HUMAN PERSPECTIVE: Defects in Ion Channels and Transporters as a Cause of Inherited Disease 4.16 Membrane Potentials The Resting Potential The Action Potential 4.17 Propagation of Action Potentials as an Impulse 4.18 Neurotransmission: Jumping the Synaptic Cleft Actions of Drugs on Synapses Synaptic Plasticity Analytic Questions 5. Aerobic Respiration and the Mitochondrion 5.1 Mitochondrial Structure and Function Mitochondrial Membranes The Mitochondrial Matrix 5.2 Aerobic Metabolism in the Mitochondrion The Tricarboxylic Acid (TCA) Cycle The Importance of Reduced Coenzymes in the Formation of ATP 5.3 THE HUMAN PERSPECTIVE: The Role of Anaerobic and Aerobic Metabolism in Exercise 5.4 Oxidative Phosphorylation in the Formation of ATP Oxidation–Reduction Potentials Electron Transport Types of Electron Carriers 5.5 Electron-Transport Complexes Complex I (NADH Dehydrogenase) Complex II (succinate dehydrogenase) Complex III (cytochrome bc1) Complex IV (cytochrome c oxidase) 5.6 Establishment of a Proton-Motive Force 5.7 The Structure of ATP Synthase 5.8 The Binding Change Mechanism of ATP Formation Components of the Binding Change Hypothesis Evidence to Support the Binding Change Mechanism and Rotary Catalysis 5.9 Using the Proton Gradient The Role of the Fo Portion of ATP Synthase in ATP Synthesis Other Roles for the Proton-Motive Force in Addition to ATP Synthesis 5.10 Peroxisomes 5.11 THE HUMAN PERSPECTIVE: Diseases that Result from Abnormal Mitochondrial or Peroxisomal Function Analytic Questions 6. Photosynthesis and the Chloroplast 6.1 The Origin of Photosynthesis 6.2 Chloroplast Structure 6.3 An Overview of Photosynthetic Metabolism 6.4 The Absorption of Light 6.5 Coordinating the Action of Two Different Photosynthetic Systems 6.6 The Operations of Photosystem II and Photosystem I PSII Operations: Obtaining Electrons by Splitting Water PSI Operations: The Production of NADPH 6.7 An Overview of Photosynthetic Electron Transport 6.8 Photophosphorylation 6.9 Carbohydrate Synthesis in C3 Plants Redox Control Photorespiration Peroxisomes and Photorespiration 6.10 Carbohydrate Synthesis in C4 and CAM Plants 6.11 THE HUMAN PERSPECTIVE: Global Warming and Carbon Sequestration Analytic Questions 7. Interactions between Cells and their Environment 7.1 Overview of Extracellular Interactions 7.2 The Extracellular Matrix 7.3 Components of the Extracellular Matrix Collagen Proteoglycans Fibronectin Laminin 7.4 Dynamic Properties of the Extracellular Matrix 7.5 Integrins 7.6 Anchoring Cells to Their Substratum Focal Adhesions Hemidesmosomes 7.7 Interactions of Cells with Other Cells Selectins The Immunoglobulin Superfamily Cadherins 7.8 THE HUMAN PERSPECTIVE: The Role of Cell Adhesion in Inflammation and Metastasis 7.9 Adherens Junctions and Desmosomes 7.10 The Role of Cell-Adhesion Receptors in Transmembrane Signaling 7.11 Tight Junctions: Sealing the Extracellular Space 7.12 Gap Junctions and Plasmodesmata: Mediating Intercellular Communication Gap Junctions Plasmodesmata 7.13 EXPERIMENTAL PATHWAYS: The Role of Gap Junctions in Intercellular Communication 7.14 Cell Walls Analytic Questions 8. Cytoplasmic Membrane Systems: Structure, Function, and Membrane Trafficking 8.1 An Overview of the Endomembrane System 8.2 A Few Approaches to the Study of Endomembranes Insights Gained from Autoradiography Insights Gained from the Use of the Green Fluorescent Protein Insights Gained from the Analysis of Subcellular Fractions Insights Gained from the Use of Cell-Free Systems Insights Gained from the Study of Mutant Phenotypes 8.3 The Endoplasmic Reticulum The Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum The Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum 8.4 Functions of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Synthesis of Proteins on Membrane-Bound versus Free Ribosomes Synthesis of Secretory, Lysosomal, or Plant Vacuolar Proteins Processing of Newly Synthesized Proteins in the Endoplasmic Reticulum Synthesis of Integral Membrane Proteins on ER-Bound Ribosomes 8.5 Membrane Biosynthesis in the Endoplasmic Reticulum 8.6 Glycosylation in the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum 8.7 Mechanisms That Ensure the Destruction of Misfolded Proteins 8.8 ER to Golgi Vesicular Transport 8.9 The Golgi Complex Glycosylation in the Golgi Complex The Movement of Materials through the Golgi Complex 8.10 Types of Vesicle Transport COPII-Coated Vesicles: Transporting Cargo from the ER to the Golgi Complex COPI-Coated Vesicles: Transporting Escaped Proteins Back to the ER 8.11 Beyond the Golgi Complex: Sorting Proteins at the TGN Sorting and Transport of Lysosomal Enzymes Sorting and Transport of Nonlysosomal Proteins 8.12 THE HUMAN PERSPECTIVE: Disorders Resulting from Defects in Lysosomal Function 8.13 Targeting Vesicles to a Particular Compartment 8.14 Exocytosis 8.15 Lysosomes 8.16 Plant Cell Vacuoles 8.17 Endocytosis Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis and the Role of Coated Pits The Role of Phosphoinositides in the Regulation of Coated Vesicles 8.18 EXPERIMENTAL PATHWAYS: Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis 8.19 The Endocytic Pathway 8.20 Phagocytosis 8.21 Posttranslational Uptake of Proteins by Peroxisomes, Mitochondria, and Chloroplasts Uptake of Proteins into Peroxisomes Uptake of Proteins into Mitochondria Uptake of Proteins into Chloroplasts Analytic Questions 9. The Cytoskeleton and Cell Motility 9.1 Overview of the Major Functions of the Cytoskeleton 9.2 Structure and Function of Microtubules Structure and Composition of Microtubules Microtubule-Associated Proteins Microtubules as Structural Supports and Organizers Microtubules as Agents of Intracellular Motility 9.3 Motor Proteins: Kinesins and Dyneins Motor Proteins Traverse the Microtubular Cytoskeleton Kinesins Cytoplasmic Dynein 9.4 EXPERIMENTAL PATHWAY: The Step Size of Kinesin 9.5 Microtubule-Organizing Centers (MTOCs) Centrosomes Basal Bodies and Other MTOCs Microtubule Nucleation 9.6 Microtubule Dynamics The Dynamic Properties of Microtubules The Underlying Basis of Microtubule Dynamics 9.7 Structure and Function of Cilia and Flagella Structure of Cilia and Flagella Growth by Intraflagellar Transport The Mechanism of Ciliary and Flagellar Locomotion 9.8 THE HUMAN PERSPECTIVE: The Role of Cilia in Development and Disease 9.9 Intermediate Filaments Intermediate Filament Assembly and Disassembly Types and Functions of Intermediate Filaments 9.10 Actin Actin Structure Actin Filament Assembly and Disassembly 9.11 Myosin: The Molecular Motor of Actin Conventional (Type II) Myosins Unconventional Myosins 9.12 Muscle Organization and Contraction Organization of Sarcomeres The Sliding Filament Model of Muscle Contraction 9.13 Actin-Binding Proteins 9.14 Cellular Motility 9.15 EXPERIMENTAL PATHWAY: Studying Actin-Based Motility without Cells 9.16 Actin-dependent Processes During Development Axonal Outgrowth 9.17 The Bacterial Cytoskeleton Analytic Questions 10. The Nature of the Gene and the Genome 10.1 The Concept of a Gene as a Unit of Inheritance 10.2 The Discovery of Chromosomes 10.3 Chromosomes as the Carriers of Genetic Information 10.4 Genetic Analysis in Drosophila Crossing Over and Recombination Mutagenesis and Giant Chromosomes 10.5 The Structure of DNA The Watson-Crick Proposal The Importance of the Watson-Crick Proposal 10.6 EXPERIMENTAL PATHWAYS: The Chemical Nature of the Gene 10.7 DNA Supercoiling 10.8 The Complexity of the Genome DNA Denaturation DNA Renaturation 10.9 THE HUMAN PERSPECTIVE: Diseases That Result from Expansion of Trinucleotide Repeats 10.10 The Stability of the Genome: Duplication Whole-Genome Duplication (Polyploidization) Duplication and Modification of DNA Sequences Evolution of Globin Genes 10.11 The Dynamic Nature of the Genome: “Jumping Genes” Transposons The Role of Mobile Genetic Elements in Genome Evolution 10.12 Sequencing Genomes: The Footprints of Biological Evolution 10.13 Comparative Genomics: “If It’s Conserved, It Must Be Important” 10.14 The Genetic Basis of “Being Human” 10.15 Genetic Variation within the Human Species Population DNA Sequence Variation Structural Variation Copy Number Variation 10.16 THE HUMAN PERSPECTIVE: Application of Genomic Analyses to Medicine Analytic Questions 11. The Central Dogma: DNA to RNA to Protein 11.1 The Relationship between Genes, Proteins, and RNAs Evidence That DNA Is the Genetic Material An Overview of the Flow of Information through the Cell 11.2 The Role of RNA Polymerases in Transcription 11.3 An Overview of Transcription in Both Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells Transcription in Bacteria Transcription and RNA Processing in Eukaryotic Cells 11.4 Synthesis and Processing of Eukaryotic Ribosomal and Transfer RNAs Synthesis and Processing of the rRNA Precursor The Role of snoRNAs in the Processing of Pre-rRNA Synthesis and Processing of the 5S rRNA Transfer RNAs 11.5 Synthesis and Structure of Eukaryotic Messenger RNAs The Formation of Heterogeneous Nuclear RNA (hnRNA) The Machinery for mRNA Transcription The Structure of mRNAs 11.6 Split Genes: An Unexpected Finding 11.7 The Processing of Eukaryotic Messenger RNAs 5\' Caps and 3\' Poly(A) Tails RNA Splicing: Removal of Introns from a Pre-RNA 11.8 Evolutionary Implications of Split Genes and RNA Splicing 11.9 Creating New Ribozymes in the Laboratory 11.10 RNA Interference 11.11 THE HUMAN PERSPECTIVE: Clinical Applications of RNA Interference 11.12 Small RNAs: miRNAs and piRNAs miRNAs: A Class of Small RNAs that Regulate Gene Expression piRNAs: A Class of Small RNAs that Function in Germ Cells 11.13 CRISPR and other Noncoding RNAs CRISPR: Noncoding RNA in Bacteria Other Noncoding RNAs 11.14 Encoding Genetic Information The Properties of the Genetic Code Identifying the Codons 11.15 Decoding the Codons: The Role of Transfer RNAs The Structure of tRNAs tRNA Charging 11.16 Translating Genetic Information: Initiation Initiation of Translation in Prokaryotes Initiation of Translation in Eukaryotes The Role of the Ribosome 11.17 Translating Genetic Information: Elongation and Termination Elongation Step 1: Aminoacyl-tRNA Selection Elongation Step 2: Peptide Bond Formation Elongation Step 3: Translocation Elongation Step 4: Releasing the Deacylated tRNA Termination 11.18 mRNA Surveillance and Quality Control 11.19 Polyribosomes 11.20 EXPERIMENTAL PATHWAYS: The Role of RNA as a Catalyst Analytic Questions 12. Control of Gene Expression 12.1 Control of Gene Expression in Bacteria Organization of Bacterial Genomes The Bacterial Operon Riboswitches 12.2 Structure of the Nuclear Envelope The Nuclear Pore Complex and Its Role in Nucleocytoplasmic Trafficking RNA Transport 12.3 Packaging the Eukaryotic Genome Nucleosomes: The Lowest Level of Chromosome Organization Higher Levels of Chromatin Structure 12.4 Heterochromatin X Chromosome Inactivation The Histone Code and Formation of Heterochromatin 12.5 The Structure of a Mitotic Chromosome Telomeres Centromeres 12.6 THE HUMAN PERSPECTIVE: Chromosomal Aberrations and Human Disorders 12.7 Epigenetics: There’s More to Inheritance than DNA 12.8 The Nucleus as an Organized Organelle 12.9 An Overview of Gene Regulation in Eukaryotes 12.10 Profiling Gene Activity DNA Microarrays RNA Sequencing 12.11 The Role of Transcription Factors in Regulating Gene Expression 12.12 The Structure of Transcription Factors The Zinc-Finger Motif The Helix–Loop–Helix (HLH) Motif The Leucine Zipper Motif 12.13 DNA Sites Involved in Regulating Transcription 12.14 An Example of Transcriptional Activation: The Glucocorticoid Receptor 12.15 Transcriptional Activation: The Role of Enhancers, Promoters, and Coactivators Coactivators That Interact with the Basal Transcription Machinery Coactivators That Alter Chromatin Structure 12.16 Transcriptional Activation from Paused Polymerases 12.17 Transcriptional Repression DNA Methylation Genomic Imprinting Long Noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) as Transcriptional Repressors 12.18 RNA Processing Control 12.19 Translational Control Initiation of Translation Cytoplasmic Localization of mRNAs The Control of mRNA Stability 12.20 The Role of MicroRNAs in Translational Control 12.21 Posttranslational Control: Determining Protein Stability Analytic Questions 13. DNA Replication and Repair 13.1 DNA Replication 13.2 DNA Replication in Bacterial Cells Replication Forks and Bidirectional Replication Unwinding the Duplex and Separating the Strands The Properties of DNA Polymerases Semidiscontinuous Replication 13.3 The Machinery Operating at the Replication Fork 13.4 The Structure and Functions of DNA Polymerases Exonuclease Activities of DNA Polymerases Ensuring High Fidelity during DNA Replication 13.5 Replication in Viruses 13.6 DNA Replication in Eukaryotic Cells Initiation of Replication in Eukaryotic Cells Restricting Replication to Once Per Cell Cycle The Eukaryotic Replication Fork Replication and Nuclear Structure 13.7 Chromatin Structure and Replication 13.8 DNA Repair Nucleotide Excision Repair Base Excision Repair Mismatch Repair Double-Strand Breakage Repair 13.9 Between Replication and Repair 13.10 THE HUMAN PERSPECTIVE: Consequences of DNA Repair Deficiencies Analytic Questions 14. Cell Division 14.1 The Cell Cycle Phases of the Cell Cycle Cell Cycles in Vivo 14.2 Regulation of the Cell Cycle 14.3 EXPERIMENTAL PATHWAYS: The Discovery and Characterization of MPF 14.4 Control of the Cell Cycle: The Role of Protein Kinases Cyclin Binding Cdk Phosphorylation/Dephosphorylation Cdk Inhibitors Controlled Proteolysis Subcellular Localization 14.5 Control of the Cell Cycle: Checkpoints, Cdk Inhibitors, and Cellular Responses 14.6 Overview of M Phase: Mitosis and Cytokinesis 14.7 Prophase Formation of the Mitotic Chromosome Centromeres and Kinetochores Formation of the Mitotic Spindle The Dissolution of the Nuclear Envelope and Partitioning of Cytoplasmic Organelles 14.8 Prometaphase 14.9 Metaphase 14.10 Anaphase The Role of Proteolysis in Progression through Mitosis The Events of Anaphase Forces Required for Chromosome Movements at Anaphase The Spindle Assembly Checkpoint 14.11 Telophase and Cytokinesis Motor Proteins Required for Mitotic Movements Cytokinesis Cytokinesis in Plant Cells: Formation of the Cell Plate 14.12 Overview of Meiosis 14.13 The Stages of Meiosis 14.14 THE HUMAN PERSPECTIVE: Meiotic Nondisjunction and Its Consequences 14.15 Genetic Recombination during Meiosis Analytic Questions 15. Cell Signaling and Signal Transduction: Communication between Cells 15.1 The Basic Elements of Cell Signaling Systems 15.2 A Survey of Extracellular Messengers and Their Receptors 15.3 Signal Transduction by G Protein-Coupled Receptors Receptors G Proteins Termination of the Response Bacterial Toxins 15.4 EXPERIMENTAL PATHWAYS: The Discovery and Characterization of GTP-Binding Proteins 15.5 THE HUMAN PERSPECTIVE: Disorders Associated with G Protein-Coupled Receptors 15.6 Second Messengers The Discovery of Cyclic AMP Phosphatidylinositol-Derived Second Messengers Phospholipase C 15.7 The Specificity of G Protein-Coupled Responses 15.8 Regulation of Blood Glucose Levels Glucose Mobilization: An Example of a Response Induced by cAMP Signal Amplification Other Aspects of cAMP Signal Transduction Pathways 15.9 The Role of GPCRs in Sensory Perception 15.10 Protein-Tyrosine Phosphorylation as a Mechanism for Signal Transduction Receptor Dimerization Protein Kinase Activation Phosphotyrosine-Dependent Protein–Protein Interactions Activation of Downstream Signaling Pathways Ending the Response 15.11 The Ras-MAP Kinase Pathway Accessory Proteins Adapting the MAP Kinase to Transmit Different Types of Information 15.12 Signaling by the Insulin Receptor The Insulin Receptor Is a Protein-Tyrosine Kinase Insulin Receptor Substrates 1 and 2 Glucose Transport Diabetes Mellitus 15.13 Signaling Pathways in Plants 15.14 The Role of Calcium as an Intracellular Messenger IP3 and Voltage-Gated Ca2+ Channels Visualizing Cytoplasmic Ca2+ Concentration in Living Cells Ca2+-Binding Proteins Regulating Calcium Concentrations in Plant Cells 15.15 Convergence, Divergence, and Cross-Talk among Different Signaling Pathways 15.16 The Role of NO as an Intercellular Messenger NO as an Activator of Guanylyl Cyclase Inhibiting Phosphodiesterase 15.17 Apoptosis (Programmed Cell Death) The Extrinsic Pathway of Apoptosis The Intrinsic Pathway of Apoptosis Necroptosis Signaling Cell Survival Analytic Questions 16. Cancer 16.1 Basic Properties of a Cancer Cell 16.2 The Causes of Cancer 16.3 EXPERIMENTAL PATHWAYS: The Discovery of Oncogenes 16.4 Cancer: A Genetic Disorder 16.5 An Overview of Tumor-Suppressor Genes and Oncogenes 16.6 Tumor-Suppressor Genes: The RB Gene 16.7 Tumor-Suppressor Genes: The TP53 Gene The Role of p53: Guardian of the Genome The Role of p53 in Promoting Senescence 16.8 Other Tumor-Suppressor Genes 16.9 Oncogenes Oncogenes That Encode Growth Factors or Their Receptors Oncogenes That Encode Cytoplasmic Protein Kinases Oncogenes That Encode Transcription Factors Oncogenes That Encode Proteins That Affect the Epigenetic State of Chromatin Oncogenes That Encode Metabolic Enzymes Oncogenes That Encode Products That Affect Apoptosis 16.10 The Mutator Phenotype: Mutant Genes Involved in DNA Repair 16.11 MicroRNAs: A New Player in the Genetics of Cancer 16.12 The Cancer Genome 16.13 Gene-Expression Analysis 16.14 Strategies for Combating Cancer 16.15 Immunotherapy 16.16 Inhibiting the Activity of Cancer-Promoting Proteins 16.17 The Concept of a Cancer Stem Cell 16.18 Inhibiting the Formation of New Blood Vessels (Angiogenesis) 17. The Immune Response 17.1 An Overview of the Immune Response Innate Immune Responses Adaptive Immune Responses 17.2 The Clonal Selection Theory as It Applies to B Cells 17.3 THE HUMAN PERSPECTIVE: Autoimmune Diseases 17.4 Vaccination 17.5 EXPERIMENTAL PATHWAYS: The Role of the Major Histocompatibility Complex in Antigen Presentation 17.6 T Lymphocytes: Activation and Mechanism of Action 17.7 The Modular Structure of Antibodies 17.8 DNA Rearrangements That Produce Genes Encoding B- and T-Cell Antigen Receptors 17.9 Membrane-Bound Antigen Receptor Complexes 17.10 The Major Histocompatibility Complex 17.11 Distinguishing Self from Nonself 17.12 Lymphocytes Are Activated by Cell-Surface Signals Activation of Helper T Cells by Professional APCs Activation of B Cells by TH Cells 17.13 Signal Transduction Pathways in Lymphocyte Activation 18. Techniques in Cell and Molecular Biology 18.1 The Light Microscope Resolution Visibility 18.2 Bright-Field and Phase-Contrast Microscopy Bright-Field Light Microscopy Phase-Contrast Microscopy 18.3 Fluorescence Microscopy (and Related Fluorescence-Based Techniques) Laser Scanning Confocal Microscopy Super-Resolution Fluorescence Microscopy Light Sheet Fluorescence Microscopy 18.4 Transmission Electron Microscopy 18.5 Specimen Preparation for Electron Microscopy Cryofixation and the Use of Frozen Specimens Negative Staining Shadow Casting Freeze-Fracture Replication and Freeze Etching 18.6 Scanning Electron Microscopy 18.7 Atomic Force Microscopy 18.8 The Use of Radioisotopes 18.9 Cell Culture 18.10 The Fractionation of a Cell’s Contents by Differential Centrifugation 18.11 Purification and Characterization of Proteins by Liquid Column Chromatography Ion-Exchange Chromatography Gel Filtration Chromatography Affinity Chromatography 18.12 Determining Protein–Protein Interactions 18.13 Characterization of Proteins by Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis SDS–PAGE Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis 18.14 Characterization of Proteins by Spectrometry 18.15 Characterization of Proteins by Mass Spectrometry 18.16 Determining the Structure of Proteins and Multisubunit Complexes 18.17 Fractionation of Nucleic Acids Separation of DNAs by Gel Electrophoresis Separation of Nucleic Acids by Ultracentrifugation 18.18 Nucleic Acid Hybridization 18.19 Chemical Synthesis of DNA 18.20 Recombinant DNA Technology Restriction Endonucleases Formation of Recombinant DNAs DNA Cloning 18.21 Enzymatic Amplification of DNA by PCR Process of PCR Applications of PCR 18.22 DNA Sequencing 18.23 DNA Libraries Genomic Libraries cDNA Libraries 18.24 DNA Transfer into Eukaryotic Cells and Mammalian Embryos Transgenic Animals Transgenic Plants 18.25 Gene Editing and Silencing In Vitro Mutagenesis Knockout Mice RNA Interference Genome Editing Using Engineered Nucleases 18.26 The Use of Antibodies Glossary A B C D E F - G H I K - L M N O - P Q - R S T U V - W - X - Y Additional Reading INDEX A B C D E F G H I J - K - L M N O P Q - R S T U V W X - Y - Z Nobel Prizes Awarded for Research in Cell and Molecular Biology Since 1958 Topics of Human Interest Experimental Pathways (WEB) ch05 Coupling Oxidation to Phosphorylation ch09 The Molecular Motor That Drives Fast Axonal Transport ch12 Genes That Control Embryonic Development ch13 The Role of Human NER Deficiencies in DNA Repair Research Clinical Case Studies (WEB) ch01 Why don’t antibiotics cure my cold? ch02 Defects in Hemoglobin Structure and Function Protein Conformational Diseases Good vs. Bad Fats? ch03 MeOH Poisoning: Drunken Cure Anaerobic Respiration: Sore Muscles or make me some beer. ch04 Heartburn – Treat it or Prevent it Commonly Prescribed Anti-Depressants ch05 Cyanide Poisoning: Winter of Frozen Dreams Mitochondrial Diseases Peroxisomal Import Diseases ch06 Can Plants Get Cancer? ch07 Collagen Disorders Proteoglycans: Dietary Supplements or Snake-oil treatments? Sticky Cells: Cell Connections, Metastasis and Cancer ch08 Lysosomal Storage Disease High Cholesterol Unique Sugars Create our Blood Types ch09 Microtubules and Disease Intermediate Filaments and Skin Blisters Actin Dynamics and Cell Motility ch10 Models for Human Genetic Disease Chromosomal Translocations and Leukemia Transposons and Antibiotic Resistance ch11 Transcription-linked DNA Repair Thalassemias and Defective mRNA Splicing Targeting the Protein Synthesis Machinery ch12 Telomeres: Fountain of Youth Blocking the Estrogen Receptor to Block Cancer ch13 Bacterial DNA Replication Machinery as an Antibiotic Target DNA Repair and Cancer ch14 Checkpoints, Cancer, and Proliferation Meiosis, Infertility, and Miscarriages ch15 Cannabis Physiology through G-protein Mediated Signaling EGF Receptor Signaling and Cancer Male Sexual Enhancement: NO Signaling and Viagra ch16 Generation of Cancer Cell Culture Models to Mimic the Disease State ch17 Vaccine Development Viral Destruction of the Immune System The Boy in the Bubble and the Promise of Gene Therapy