Kapampangan grammar notes

KAPAMPANGAN GRAMMAR NOTES
KAPAMPANGAN GRAMMAR NOTES
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PREFACE
CONTENTS
1 INTRODUCTION
	1.1. The Speech Community
		1.1.1 Multilingualism
		1.1.2 Mass Media
	1.2 Localized Varieties of Kapampangan
	1.3 Data for the Present Study
	1.4 Acknowledgements
	1.5 Earlier Studies of the Kapampangan Language
	1.6 Kapampangan Literature
2 PHONOLOGY and ORTHOGRAPHY: the Kapampangan articulatory targets as discreet, contrasting units of sound.
	2.1 The Flow of Speech
	2.2 Segmenting the Flow
		2.2.1 The Phonemes
		2.2.11 The Vowels
			2.2.11.1 Front Vowels
			2.2.11.2 Central Vowel
			2.2.11.3 Back Vowels
		2.2.12 The Consonants
			2.2.12.1 The Oral Stops
			2.2.12.2 The Glottal Stop
			2.2.12.3 The Affricates
			2.2.12.4 The Nasals.
			2.2.12.5 The Fricatives
			2.2.12.6 The Laterals
		2.2.13 The Semivowels
		2.2.2 Suprasegmental Features
	2.3 Sounds Changed in Word Formation
		2.3.1 Stress Shift
		2.3.2 Vowel Loss
		2.3.3 Regular Alternation between Roots and Derived Forms
		2.3.4 /q/ becomes /y, w/
		2.3.5 Assimilation
		2.3.6 /s/ and /d/ become /y/
		2.3.7 /d/ becomes /r/
		2.3.8 Geminate consonants at word boundaries
	2.4 Writing Systems for Kapampangan
		2.4.1 The Kapampangan Syllabary
		2.4.2 The Spanish Orthographies
		2.4.3 The Tagalog-based Orthography
3 GRAMMAR
	3.1 The Importance of the Particle ING
	3.2 Noun Phrase
		3.2.1 Case-marked Noun Phrases
		3.2.2 NING Case
		3.2.3 KING Case
		3.2.4 ING Case
	3.3 Pronouns
		3.3.1 Personal Pronouns, ING Case, Short Form
		3.3.2 Personal Pronouns, ING Case, Long Form
		3.3.3 NING Case Personal Pronouns
		3.3.4 KING Case Personal Pronouns
		3.3.5 Special Forms of Personal Pronouns
		3.3.6 Common Pronouns
		3.3.7 The Common Deictic Pronouns
		3.3.8 Special Common Pronouns
		3.3.9 Indefinite Substitutes
	3.4 Referent, Time, and Locative Noun Phrases
	3.5 Attributive Phrases
		3.5.1 Linked Attributive Phrases
		3.5.2 Unlinked Attributive Phrases
		3.5.3 Splitting of Attribute and Head
		3.5.4 Complex Attributive Phrases
	3.6 Verb Phrases
		3.6.1 Two-Verb Phrases
		3.6.2 Three-Verb Phrases
		3.6.3 Noun Complements in Verb Phrases
		3.6.4 Complements of Manner
		3.6.5 Emphasized Verb Phrase
		3.6.6 Verb Phrase Substitutes
4 SENTENCE AND CLAUSE
	4.1 General
	4.2 Non-Verbal Predications
		4.2.1 Existential Predicates
		4.2.2 Identificational Predicates
		4.2.3 Identificational-Descriptive Predicates
		4.2.4 Descriptive Predicates of Quality and Quantity
		4.2.5 Comparative and Superlative Constructions in
		4.2.6 Superlative Descriptive Predications
		4.2.7 Emphatic Descriptive Predicates
		4.2.8 Number
	4.3 Verbal Predications
		4.3.1 Action-Actor Predication
		4.3.2 Action-Goal Predication
		4.3.3 Action-Beneficiary Predication
		4.3.4 Other Verbal Predications
	4.4 Stative. Predications with mi- and ka-
	4.5 Ka- Marked Verbs in the Recent-completion Predication
5 MINOR SENTENCES
6 SENTENCE EXPANSIONS: Clause Adjuncts and Adjunct Clauses
	6.1 General
	6.2 Lexical Particles
	6.3 Coordinated, Subordinated and Embedded Clauses
7 CONCLUSION (Note the last example above.)
NOTES
	 2 PHONOLOGY and ORTHOGRAPHY