Justice for Crimes Against Humanity

Half Title Page......Page 1
Half Title verso......Page 2
Title Page......Page 3
Title verso......Page 4
Preface......Page 7
Contents......Page 9
List of Contributors......Page 13
Introduction......Page 17
HUMAN RIGHTS, THE LAWS OF WAR AND INTERNATIONAL CRIMES......Page 19
THE CASE OF SENATOR PINOCHET......Page 21
ONE LAW FOR ONE WORLD?......Page 26
THE POLITICS OF INTERNATIONAL JUSTICE......Page 28
WHAT IS INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL JUSTICE FOR?......Page 34
INTERNATIONAL LAW AFTER PINOCHET AND MILOŠEVIĆ......Page 38
Part I: Atrocity, Impunity, Justice......Page 45
1.  From Nuremberg to Rome: A Personal Account......Page 47
PRELUDE TO NUREMBERG......Page 48
THE TRIALS AT NUREMBERG......Page 50
THE EINSATZGRUPPEN TRIAL......Page 52
COMPENSATING VICTIMS OF CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY......Page 53
ESTABLISHING INTERNATIONAL NORMS......Page 54
THE SECURITY COUNCIL ACTS: THE NEW AD HOC TRIBUNALS......Page 56
A PERMANENT INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT......Page 58
FIVE TYPES OF GEOGRAPHIC JURISDICTION......Page 63
NATIONAL LAW RESTRICTIONS ON THE SCOPE OF UNIVERSAL JURISDICTION......Page 65
A SHORT HISTORY OF THE PRINCIPLE OF UNIVERSAL JURISDICTION......Page 66
PRACTICAL REASONS FOR UNIVERSAL JURISDICTION......Page 70
LEGAL, PHILOSOPHICAL AND MORAL RATIONALES FOR UNIVERSAL JURISDICTION......Page 71
ANSWERS TO CRITICISMS OF UNIVERSAL JURISDICTION......Page 72
NATIONAL LEGISLATION AND JURISPRUDENCE......Page 75
OVERCOMING OBSTACLES TO UNIVERSAL JURISDICTION......Page 78
CONCLUSION: PROSPECTS FOR UNIVERSAL JURISDICTION......Page 85
3.  Immunities for Heads of State: Where Do We Stand?......Page 89
RELEVANT CONCEPTS......Page 90
LIMITS TO IMPUNITY FOR PUBLIC OFFICIALS AND HEADS OF STATE BEFORE INTERNATIONAL COURTS......Page 101
LIMITS TO IMMUNITY FOR PUBLIC OFFICIALS AND HEADS OF STATE BEFORE THE NATIONAL COURTS OF THEIR OWN STATE......Page 103
LIMITS TO IMMUNITY FOR PUBLIC OFFICIALS AND HEADS OF STATE BEFORE THE NATIONAL COURTS OF FOREIGN STATES......Page 107
THE QUESTION OF IMMUNITY IN THE PINOCHET CASE......Page 111
THE QUESTION OF IMMUNITY IN THE DRC V BELGIUM CASE......Page 120
CONCLUSION......Page 122
4.  Their Atrocities and Our Misdemeanours: The Reticence of States to Try Their \'Own Nationals for International Crimes\'......Page 123
CIRCUMSTANCES CONDUCIVE TO DOMESTIC TRIALS OFOWN NATIONALS......Page 124
DOMESTIC TRIALS BY STATES IN POLITICAL TRANSITION......Page 126
DOMESTIC TRIALS INFLUENCED BY INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL TRIBUNALS......Page 137
DOMESTIC TRIALS FOR SERIOUS BREACHES OF MILITARY DISCIPLINE......Page 150
CONCLUSION......Page 156
Part II: Justice in International and Mixed Law Courts......Page 159
5.  The International Criminal Tribunals for the Former Yugoslavia and Rwanda......Page 161
ESTABLISHMENT OF THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL TRIBUNAL FOR THE FORMER YUGOSLAVIA......Page 162
JURISDICTION OF THE ICTY......Page 163
EARLY JURISPRUDENCE OF THE ICTY......Page 168
EVALUATION OF THE TRIBUNALS’ RECORD TO DATE......Page 171
KEY CHALLENGES FOR THE FUTURE......Page 172
THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL TRIBUNAL FOR RWANDA......Page 173
CONCLUSION......Page 175
AGE OF THE EVIDENCE......Page 177
ADMISSIBILITY OF EVIDENCE......Page 179
THE EXTENT OF RELAXATION......Page 181
WITNESS PROTECTION......Page 185
COLLECTION OF EVIDENCE FROM DIFFERENT COUNTRIES AND ORGANISATIONS......Page 186
CONCLUSION......Page 188
THE NEED FOR AN INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT......Page 189
DRAFTING AND ADOPTING THE STATUTE OF THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT......Page 191
THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT......Page 196
THE JURISDICTION OF THE ICC......Page 199
INVOKING THE JURISDICTION OF THE ICC......Page 208
THE COURT’S EXERCISE OF JURISDICTION......Page 214
THE ORGANISATION AND OPERATION OF THE COURT......Page 222
CONCLUSION......Page 225
8.  Striking a Balance: Mixed Law Tribunals and Conflicts of Jurisdiction......Page 227
THE HYBRID COURTS......Page 228
IMPACT OF INTERNATIONAL TRIBUNALS ON NATIONAL PROCESSES......Page 239
CONSTRUCTING A COMMON LAW OF HUMANITY......Page 241
RECONCILING INTERESTS......Page 242
CONCLUSION......Page 249
Part III: Justice in National Courts......Page 251
INTRODUCTION......Page 253
A BRIEF OVERVIEW OF US POLICY TOWARDS CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY......Page 257
CRIMINAL LIABILITY FOR CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY IN THE UNITED STATES......Page 260
CIVIL LIABILITY FOR CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY IN THE UNITED STATES......Page 270
CONCLUSION......Page 282
INTRODUCTION: THE QUESTIONS RAISED BY PINOCHET......Page 285
THE APPLICATION OF THE DECISION TO FUTURE CASES......Page 287
THE IMPLICATIONS FOR THE IMMUNITY OF PUBLIC OFFICIALS......Page 290
THE RELATIONSHIP WITH INTERNATIONAL COURTS......Page 291
THE LEGAL EFFECT OF AMNESTIES......Page 295
CONCLUSION: CLARIFICATION AND CONSISTENCY SHOULD BE THE GOAL......Page 296
INTRODUCTION......Page 297
RELEVANT INTERNATIONAL LAW AND PRACTICE......Page 299
SCOPE FOR CIVIL REDRESS FOR HUMAN RIGHTS ABUSE COMMITTED ABROAD......Page 301
CONCLUSIONS......Page 314
12.  National Action Challenged: Sovereignty, Immunity and Universal Jurisdiction before the International Court of Justice......Page 317
SOVEREIGNTY......Page 319
IMMUNITY......Page 329
UNIVERSAL JURISDICTION......Page 340
FINAL REMARKS......Page 345
Part IV: Perspectives from Practitioners......Page 347
13.  Personal Perspectives......Page 349
13.1 PW BOTHA BEFORE SOUTH AFRICA’S TRUTH AND RECONCILIATION PROCESS......Page 350
13.2 PROSECUTING HASTINGS BANDA IN MALAWI......Page 361
13.3 THE CONTRIBUTION OF INTERNATIONAL TRIBUNALS TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL LAW......Page 368
THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE STATUTES OF THE ICTS AND OF THE ICC TO INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL LAW......Page 370
THE CONTRIBUTION OF THE JURISPRUDENCE OF THE ICTS TO INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL LAW......Page 374
CONCLUSIONS......Page 378
13.4 UK PROSECUTIONS FOR CRIMES UNDER INTERNATIONAL LAW......Page 379
13.5 THE UN HUMAN RIGHTS MACHINERY AND INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL LAW......Page 386
EFFORTS OF HUMAN RIGHTS MACHINERY TO PROMOTE THEAPPLICATION OF CRIMINAL RESPONSIBILITY......Page 388
POSSIBLE IMPACT OF INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL LAW ON THE ACTIVITIES OF THE HUMAN RIGHTS MACHINERY......Page 389
13.6 USING UNIVERSAL JURISDICTION TO COMBAT IMPUNITY......Page 390
OBSTACLES TO THE USE OF UNIVERSAL JURISDICTION......Page 391
A LITIGATION STRATEGY......Page 394
THE PROSECUTION OF HISSÈNE HABRÉ—AN AFRICAN PINOCHET......Page 396
Part V: Conclusion......Page 399
14.  Enforcing Human Rights through International Criminal Law......Page 401
ENFORCED DISAPPEARANCE: HISTORY OF A CRIME......Page 403
JUSTICE IN SOCIETIES IN TRANSITION......Page 408
INTERNATIONAL NORMS COLLIDE......Page 414
A WATERSHED IN INTERNATIONAL LAW......Page 419
THE FUTURE OF INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL JUSTICE......Page 425
Appendices......Page 431
Select Bibliography......Page 509