Jurisprudence

Cover......Page 1
Half-title......Page 3
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Dedication......Page 7
Contents......Page 9
Acknowledgements......Page 13
Figures......Page 15
1 Introduction......Page 17
Rewards of jurisprudence......Page 18
Legal theory......Page 19
Law......Page 20
The quest for a de.nition of law......Page 22
The arrangement of the contents of this book......Page 25
Old debates and new frontiers......Page 33
PART 1 LAW AS IT IS......Page 35
2 British Legal Positivism......Page 37
Positivism......Page 38
Nature of scienti.c knowledge......Page 39
Legal positivism......Page 41
Thomas Hobbes and Leviathan......Page 44
Jeremy Bentham: law and the principle of utility......Page 46
Source of law – the sovereign within a state......Page 48
The will of the sovereign......Page 49
Parts of a law......Page 50
Benthams contempt for the common law......Page 51
Austins utilitarianism......Page 52
Austins respect for the common law......Page 53
Laws properly so called and positive law......Page 54
Laws improperly so called......Page 55
Sovereign......Page 57
Command, duty, sanction......Page 62
Austins achievement......Page 63
Herbert Hart’s new beginning: the burial of the command concept of law......Page 64
External and internal aspects of a legal rule......Page 65
Primary and secondary rules of obligation: emergence of a legal system......Page 67
The rule of recognition......Page 68
International law......Page 69
Law and morality......Page 70
British positivism’s contribution to jurisprudence......Page 72
3 Germanic Legal Positivism: Hans Kelsen’s Quest for the Pure Theory of Law......Page 74
From empiricism to transcendental idealism......Page 75
From transcendental idealism to the pure theory of law......Page 77
Nature of norm......Page 78
Legislation, legal norm and statement of the law......Page 80
Legal order as a coercive order......Page 81
Legal order is a dynamic order......Page 82
Validity and the basic norm......Page 83
Basic norm of customary law systems......Page 85
Effectiveness and validity of the basic norm......Page 86
Logical unity of the legal order and determining whether a norm belongs to the legal order......Page 87
Membership of a legal order......Page 89
The criticism of Joseph Raz......Page 90
Legitimacy and revolution......Page 91
Consensual revolution......Page 92
Revolution by force......Page 93
The revolution succeeds and a new basic norm is established......Page 95
The revolutionary struggle is in progress and there is uncertainty about the basic norm......Page 96
The old legal order is restored after the initial success of the revolution......Page 99
International law......Page 100
Does unity result from the primacy of international law?......Page 102
Does unity result from the primacy of national law?......Page 104
An evaluation of the pure theory of law......Page 105
Is there a general moral duty to obey a valid legal norm?......Page 106
Explanatory weakness of the pure theory......Page 107
Alternative concepts of legal systems......Page 108
4 Realism in Legal Theory......Page 109
Legal formalism and legal positivism......Page 110
A few general comments......Page 112
Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr and the birth of American realism......Page 113
The evolutionary character of law......Page 114
Judicial role in legal evolution......Page 115
Judicial legislation and the certainty of the law......Page 116
Law as prophecy: the trouble with the ‘Bad Man’ point of view......Page 117
Karl Llewellyn and the Grand Style......Page 118
Distrust of rules as descriptions of what courts do......Page 119
Law reform......Page 120
Fact sceptics......Page 121
Effects of prejudice......Page 122
Dissolution of the rule–fact distinction......Page 123
The legacy of American legal realism......Page 124
Hägerström and the mystical force of law......Page 125
Force......Page 129
Alf Rosss revision of Scandinavian realism......Page 130
Assessment of Scandinavian realism......Page 132
PART 2 LAW AND MORALITY......Page 133
5 Natural Law Tradition in Jurisprudence......Page 135
Law of nature......Page 136
Natural law......Page 137
Two great questions in natural law theory......Page 138
Fusion of law and morals in early societies......Page 139
Natural law thinking in Greek philosophy......Page 141
Teleology......Page 142
Deciding what is natural: the Sophist challenge......Page 144
Plato......Page 146
Aristotle......Page 148
Reception of natural law in Rome......Page 149
Saint Augustine of Hippo......Page 152
Saint Thomas Aquinas......Page 153
Eternal law......Page 154
Natural law......Page 155
Divine law......Page 156
The effect of unjust human laws......Page 157
Theological beginnings of a secular natural law......Page 159
Hugo Grotius......Page 162
Thomas Hobbes......Page 163
John Locke......Page 165
John Finnis’ restatement of classical natural law......Page 167
Self-evidence......Page 168
Deriving moral rules from basic values: the requirement of common good......Page 170
Practical reasonableness and consequentialism......Page 171
What is law?......Page 172
2. Legal obligation in the intra-systemic sense......Page 173
3. Legal obligation in the moral sense......Page 174
The enduring legacy of natural law theory......Page 175
Lon Fuller on the morality of law......Page 177
Historical roots of Fullers theory: the closing period of the Nazi regime in Germany......Page 178
The Radbruch doctrine......Page 179
Harts criticism......Page 180
Fullers response: the morality that makes law possible......Page 182
Moral basis of law: external and internal moralities of law......Page 183
Law is a purposive, reciprocal and ongoing enterprise......Page 184
Internal morality of law......Page 185
The internal morality of law is morality of duty and of aspiration......Page 186
Fullers counter......Page 187
Ronald Dworkin and the integrity of law......Page 189
Beginning of Dworkins legal philosophy: the rights thesis......Page 190
Principles and policy......Page 191
Dworkins concept of law......Page 192
Law as integrity......Page 193
Integrity and interpretation of statutes......Page 194
Pre-interpretive stage......Page 195
Law as a chain novel......Page 196
Law and morality in Dworkin......Page 197
PART 3 SOCIAL DIMENSIONS OF LAW......Page 199
7 Sociological Jurisprudence and Sociology of Law......Page 201
Sociology......Page 202
Sociology of law......Page 203
Sociological jurisprudence......Page 204
Society and class struggle: the sociology of Karl Marx......Page 205
Max Weber and the rationalisation of the law......Page 208
From irrational adjudication to judge-made law......Page 209
Emergence of legislation......Page 210
Tension between formal rationalisation and substantive rationalisation......Page 211
Law and economics......Page 212
Law and social solidarity: Émile Durkheims legal sociology......Page 213
Division of labour as the cause of social solidarity......Page 214
Law in the sociological sense......Page 215
Mechanical solidarity......Page 216
Organic solidarity......Page 217
An evaluation of Durkheims sociology of law......Page 218
Society as an association of associations......Page 219
Legal norm and legal proposition......Page 220
State and state law......Page 221
Task of the legal order......Page 223
What are interests?......Page 224
Pounds worth......Page 225
The achievements of the sociological tradition......Page 226
Liberalism and liberal legal theory......Page 228
Kinds of liberalism......Page 229
2. The rule of law is necessary for liberty......Page 230
3. The rule of law is possible......Page 231
4. The political institutions of liberalism protect liberty and the rule of law......Page 232
Challenge of the critical legal studies (CLS) movement......Page 233
Fundamental contradiction......Page 234
Alienation by categorisation and reification......Page 235
Denial of the value neutrality of law......Page 237
Alternative legal world of CLS......Page 238
Postmodernist challenge......Page 239
Roots of postmodernist philosophy......Page 240
The nature of the problem......Page 241
Deconstruction and the law......Page 243
Could Derrida be wrong?......Page 247
Law and language game theory......Page 248
Feminist jurisprudence......Page 249
Liberalism and women......Page 250
Liberal feminist jurisprudence......Page 251
Cultural feminism......Page 252
Radical feminism......Page 253
Postmodern feminism......Page 254
Challenges to liberal jurisprudence: concluding thoughts......Page 255
9 Economic Analysis of Law......Page 258
Background and basic concepts......Page 259
Cost, price, value, utility......Page 260
Economic efficiency......Page 261
Wealth and wealth maximisation......Page 262
Transaction costs and the law......Page 263
The problem of initial entitlements......Page 266
Efficiency reasons......Page 267
Distributional reasons......Page 268
Property rules and liability rules......Page 269
Inalienability rules......Page 270
Choosing between property rule and liability rule......Page 271
Efficiency of the common law hypothesis......Page 272
Efficiency promoted by judicial neutrality......Page 273
Evolutionary explanation of common law efficiency......Page 275
Public choice theory: the economics of legislation......Page 277
Logrolling......Page 278
Efficiency, wealth maximisation and justice......Page 280
Introduction......Page 283
The need for an evolutionary jurisprudence......Page 284
Argument from design versus the principle of the accumulation of design......Page 285
The common law beginnings and the Darwinians before Darwin......Page 287
Mandevilles Fable of the Bees......Page 288
Humes evolutionary view of society and law......Page 289
Adam Smith and original passions......Page 290
Fergusons theory of unconscious rule following......Page 291
Summary......Page 292
The Austrian school and spontaneous order......Page 293
Scientific explanations......Page 295
Role of purposive action in legal evolution: the contribution of institutional theory......Page 296
JR Commons and artificial selection in legal evolution......Page 297
Evolution of organisations......Page 299
Evolution of commercial law......Page 301
Evolution of liability rules concerning tort and crime......Page 302
Pathways of legal evolution: the lessons from new institutionalism......Page 303
Normative implications......Page 305
PART 4 RIGHTS AND JUSTICE......Page 309
11 Fundamental Legal Conceptions: the Building Blocks of Legal Norms......Page 311
Bentham and the classification of legal mandates......Page 312
Liberties and powers......Page 313
Corroborated and uncorroborated liberties and powers......Page 314
Hohfelds analysis of jural relations: the exposition of fundamental legal conceptions......Page 316
Jural correlatives......Page 317
Jural contradictories......Page 318
The interconnectedness of the fundamental legal conceptions......Page 319
Each legal relation is a relation between two individuals concerning a single action or omission......Page 320
Power–liability correlation......Page 322
Change of legal relations by natural causes and by the exercise of legal powers......Page 323
Kinds of powers......Page 324
Immunity–disability correlation......Page 325
Connecting the two -boxes’ in Hohfelds system......Page 326
Are there duties that do not correlate to rights?......Page 327
Liberties without rights......Page 330
Is liberty divisible?......Page 331
Value of Hohfelds system......Page 332
12 Justice......Page 334
Justice according to law and justice of the law......Page 335
Justice as virtue......Page 336
Aristotles theory of justice as virtue......Page 338
Universal and particular justice......Page 339
Distributive and rectificatory justice......Page 340
Aristotelian justice in contemporary democracy......Page 344
Substantive legal justice......Page 345
Procedural due process......Page 346
Substantive due process......Page 347
Distributive justice and legal justice......Page 349
Distributive justice and social security......Page 350
Justice as just desert......Page 351
Justice as fairness: Rawls’ theory of justice......Page 352
Why distribute at all?......Page 353
The new social contract: two principles of justice......Page 354
Fair equality of opportunity......Page 356
The difference principle......Page 357
Priority of basic liberties......Page 358
Entitlement theory of justice: Nozicks response to Rawls......Page 359
The night-watchman state......Page 360
Entitlement theory of justice......Page 361
The principles that people settle on in the original position are not necessarily fair......Page 362
The problem of procedural principles in Rawls......Page 363
Immorality of taking natural assets into account......Page 364
Evolutionary theory of justice......Page 365
The conventional (artificial) nature of justice......Page 366
Original passions and the role of sympathy......Page 368
The impartial spectator......Page 369
Emergence of the rules of justice......Page 370
The central implications of the evolutionary view of justice......Page 371
References......Page 374
Index......Page 382