Judaism: history, belief, and practice

TITLE......Page 4
COPYRIGHT......Page 5
CONTENTS......Page 6
INTRODUCTION......Page 15
CHAPTER 1 THE HISTORY OF JUDAISM: BEGINNINGS TO THE SECOND TEMPLE......Page 22
NATURE AND CHARACTERISTICS......Page 23
BIBLICAL JUDAISM (20TH–4TH CENTURY BCE)......Page 24
THE PRE-MOSAIC PERIOD: THE RELIGION OF THE PATRIARCHS......Page 26
THE MOSAIC PERIOD......Page 28
THE PERIOD OF THE CONQUEST AND SETTLEMENT OF CANAAN......Page 32
THE PERIOD OF THE UNITED MONARCHY......Page 33
THE DAVIDIC MONARCHY......Page 34
THE PERIOD OF THE DIVIDED KINGDOM......Page 36
THE PERIOD OF CLASSICAL PROPHECY AND CULT REFORM......Page 39
THE RELIGIOUS COMMUNITY IN EXILE......Page 44
THE PERIOD OF THE RESTORATION......Page 45
THE GREEK PERIOD (332–63 BCE)......Page 48
SOCIAL, POLITICAL, AND RELIGIOUS DIVISIONS......Page 51
RELIGIOUS RITES AND CUSTOMS IN PALESTINE......Page 54
RELIGIOUS AND CULTURAL LIFE IN THE DIASPORA......Page 56
EGYPTIAN JEWISH LITERATURE......Page 59
PALESTINIAN LITERATURE......Page 61
NEW PARTIES AND SECTS......Page 63
EARLY CHRISTIANS AND THE JEWISH COMMUNITY......Page 65
JUDAISM UNDER ROMAN RULE......Page 67
THE ROLE OF THE RABBIS......Page 69
THE MAKING OF THE MISHNA......Page 71
THE MAKING OF THE TALMUDS......Page 72
TRIUMPH OF THE BABYLONIAN RABBINATE......Page 76
ANTI-RABBINIC REACTIONS......Page 77
THE GAONATE OF SA‘ADIA BEN JOSEPH......Page 79
MARGINALIZATION AND EXPULSION......Page 80
THE TWO MAJOR BRANCHES......Page 82
CONFLICTS AND NEW MOVEMENTS......Page 87
CHAPTER 4 MODERN JUDAISM......Page 91
IN CENTRAL EUROPE......Page 92
IN EASTERN EUROPE......Page 95
RELIGIOUS REFORM MOVEMENTS......Page 96
ORTHODOX DEVELOPMENTS......Page 99
IN EASTERN EUROPE......Page 100
DEVELOPMENTS IN SCHOLARSHIP......Page 102
JEWISH-CHRISTIAN RELATIONS......Page 103
ZIONISM......Page 104
AMERICAN JUDAISM......Page 105
JUDAISM IN OTHER LANDS......Page 108
CONTEMPORARY JUDAISM......Page 112
CHAPTER 5 THE LITERATURE OF JUDAISM......Page 114
THE HEBREW BIBLE (TANAKH)......Page 115
PROPHECY AND RELIGIOUS EXPERIENCE......Page 118
MISHNA......Page 119
OPPOSITION TO THE TALMUD......Page 120
CONTENT, STYLE, AND FORM......Page 121
MODES OF INTERPRETATION AND THOUGHT......Page 122
EARLY COMPILATIONS......Page 123
TALMUDIC AND MIDRASHIC LITERATURE......Page 126
NONLEGAL SUBJECT MATTER......Page 132
TALMUDIC LAW AND JURISPRUDENCE......Page 137
THE TALMUD TODAY......Page 141
CHAPTER 6 BASIC BELIEFS AND DOCTRINES......Page 144
GOD......Page 145
UNITY AND UNIQUENESS......Page 146
ACTIVITY IN THE WORLD......Page 147
OTHERNESS AND NEARNESS......Page 148
CHOICE AND COVENANT......Page 149
THE PEOPLE AND THE LAND......Page 153
MODERN VIEWS OF THE PEOPLE ISRAEL......Page 155
THE EARTHLY-SPIRITUAL CREATURE......Page 156
THE ETHICALLY BOUND CREATURE......Page 158
ETHICS AND SOCIETY......Page 160
THE ETHICAL EMPHASIS OF JUDAISM......Page 161
INTERPENETRATION OF COMMUNAL AND INDIVIDUAL ETHICS......Page 162
THE KEY MORAL VIRTUES......Page 163
THE RELATION TO NON-JEWISH COMMUNITIES AND CULTURES......Page 164
THE UNIVERSE......Page 165
HUMANITY’S PLACE IN THE UNIVERSE......Page 166
INTERMEDIARY BEINGS: ANGELS AND DEMONS......Page 167
THE FUTURE AGE OF HUMANKIND AND THE WORLD......Page 168
THE KING-MESSIAH AND HIS REIGN......Page 170
SECULARIZATION OF MESSIANISM......Page 171
CHAPTER 7 BASIC PRACTICES AND INSTITUTIONS......Page 174
THE TRADITIONAL PATTERN OF INDIVIDUAL AND FAMILIAL PRACTICES......Page 175
THE TRADITIONAL PATTERN OF SYNAGOGUE PRACTICES......Page 178
CEREMONIES MARKING THE INDIVIDUAL LIFE CYCLES......Page 180
HOLY PLACES: THE LAND OF ISRAEL AND JERUSALEM......Page 182
LEGAL, JUDICIAL, AND CONGREGATIONAL ROLES......Page 183
CHIEF RABBINATES......Page 185
MODERN VARIATIONS......Page 186
THE CYCLE OF THE RELIGIOUS YEAR......Page 188
MONTHS AND NOTABLE DAYS......Page 189
ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT......Page 190
IMPORTANCE......Page 191
OBSERVANCES......Page 192
PILGRIM FESTIVALS......Page 193
TEN DAYS OF PENITENCE......Page 198
MINOR FESTIVALS: HANUKKAH AND PURIM......Page 200
THE FIVE FASTS......Page 204
THE SITUATION TODAY......Page 205
THE JUDAIC CONTEXT......Page 207
THREE TYPES OF JEWISH MYSTICISM......Page 208
MAIN LINES OF DEVELOPMENT......Page 209
EARLY STAGES TO THE 6TH CENTURY CE......Page 210
THE MAKING OF KABBALA......Page 213
THE 10 SEFIROT......Page 215
MEDIEVAL GERMAN (ASHKENAZIC) HASIDISM......Page 219
THE MAKING OF THE ZOHAR (C. 1260–1492)......Page 220
THE LURIANIC KABBALA......Page 223
SHABBETAIANISM......Page 224
MODERN HASIDISM......Page 225
MODERN JEWISH MYSTICISM......Page 229
SIGNIFICANCE AND CHARACTERISTICS......Page 231
MYTH AND LEGEND IN THE BIBLE......Page 232
MYTHS......Page 233
LEGENDS AND OTHER TALES......Page 234
CONTEMPORARY INTERPRETATIONS......Page 236
HISTORIATED BIBLES AND LEGENDARY HISTORIES......Page 238
APOCRYPHA AND PSEUDEPIGRAPHA......Page 240
MIDRASH AND HAGGADA......Page 242
JEWISH CONTRIBUTIONS TO DIFFUSION OF FOLKTALES......Page 243
JEWISH CONTRIBUTIONS TO CHRISTIAN AND ISLAMIC TALES......Page 244
MAJOR MEDIEVAL HEBREW COLLECTIONS......Page 245
KABBALISTIC TALES......Page 246
JUDEO-PERSIAN AND JUDEO-SPANISH (LADINO) TALES......Page 247
MODERN ISRAELI FOLKTALES......Page 248
PRE-HELENISTIC AND HELENISTIC THOUGHT......Page 249
OTHER ANCIENT SOURCES......Page 250
JEWISH KALAM......Page 251
SA‘ADIA BEN JOSEPH......Page 252
THE KARAITES......Page 254
ISAAC ISRAELI......Page 255
SOLOMON IBN GABIROL......Page 256
OTHER JEWISH THINKERS, C. 1050–C. 1150......Page 258
ABRAHAM IBN DAUD......Page 259
MAIMONIDES......Page 260
AVERROISTS......Page 263
GERSONIDES......Page 264
HASDAI CRESCAS......Page 265
JOSEPH ALBO......Page 267
BENEDICT DE SPINOZA......Page 269
MOSES MENDELSSOHN......Page 273
NACHMAN KROCHMAL......Page 275
HERMANN COHEN......Page 276
FRANZ ROSENZWEIG......Page 277
EMMANUEL LÉVINAS......Page 278
ABRAHAM......Page 279
THE BIBLICAL ACCOUNT......Page 280
THE GENESIS NARRATIVE IN THE LIGHT OF RECENT SCHOLARSHIP......Page 282
THE HISTORICAL PROBLEM......Page 286
YEARS AND DEEDS......Page 288
MOSES THE MAN......Page 296
DAVID......Page 298
EARLY LIFE......Page 299
KINGSHIP......Page 300
POLITICAL ACHIEVEMENT......Page 303
RELIGIOUS ROLE AND SIGNIFICANCE......Page 304
EMPIRE BUILDER......Page 306
SOLOMON’S TEMPLE......Page 308
DECLINE OF THE KINGDOM......Page 310
ELIJAH......Page 311
STORY......Page 312
THEOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE......Page 313
ISAIAH’S VISION......Page 314
PERSONAL HISTORY......Page 315
ISAIAH’S THEOLOGY......Page 316
PROPHETIC MISSION......Page 318
MESSAGE TO ISRAEL......Page 319
LATER INTERPRETATIONS OF ISAIAH’S MESSAGE......Page 320
LIFE AND TIMES......Page 321
PROPHETIC VOCATION AND MESSAGE......Page 324
EZEKIEL......Page 325
CHAPTER 15 POST-EXILIC AND HELLENISTIC PERIOD FIGURES......Page 328
Ezra......Page 329
LIFE AND BACKGROUND......Page 331
WORKS......Page 333
ORIGINALITY OF HIS THOUGHT......Page 334
HILLEL......Page 337
AKIBA BEN JOSEPH......Page 338
JOHANAN BEN ZAKKAI......Page 340
MOSES MAIMONIDES......Page 343
LIFE......Page 344
WORKS......Page 345
ISAAC BEN SOLOMON LURIA......Page 347
BA‘AL SHEM TOV......Page 352
LIFE......Page 353
INFLUENCE......Page 354
MOSES MENDELSSOHN......Page 355
FRANZ ROSENZWEIG......Page 356
FROM VIENNA TO JERUSALEM......Page 359
THEODOR HERZL......Page 364
CONVERSION TO ZIONISM......Page 365
LATER ACCOMPLISHMENTS......Page 367
EMMANUEL LÉVINAS......Page 368
CHAPTER 18 JUDAISM IN WORLD PERSPECTIVE......Page 370
RELATION TO CHRISTIANITY......Page 371
RELATION TO ISLAM......Page 372
THE ROLE OF JUDAISM IN WESTERN CULTURE AND CIVILIZATION......Page 373
CONCLUSION : FUTURE PROSPECTS......Page 375
GLOSSARY......Page 377
BASIC BELIEFS, PRACTICES, AND INSTITUTIONS......Page 379
JEWISH MYSTICISM......Page 380
JEWISH MYTH AND LEGEND......Page 381
INDEX......Page 382
BACK COVER......Page 388