Joint Structure and Function: A Comprehensive Analysis

Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 4
Disclaimer......Page 2
Copyright......Page 5
Preface......Page 6
Acknowledgments......Page 8
Contributors......Page 10
Reviewers......Page 12
Contents in Brief......Page 14
Contents......Page 16
Section 1: Joint Structure and Function: Foundational Concepts......Page 25
Chapter 1: Biomechanical Applications to Joint Structure and Function......Page 26
INTRODUCTION......Page 27
Types of Displacement......Page 29
Location of Displacement in Space......Page 30
Magnitude of Displacement......Page 32
Rate of Displacement......Page 33
Definition of Forces......Page 34
Force Vectors......Page 35
Newton\'s Law of Acceleration......Page 41
Linear Force Systems......Page 42
Concurrent Force Systems......Page 44
Newton’s Law of Reaction......Page 45
Tensile Forces......Page 46
Joint Distraction......Page 48
Distraction Forces......Page 50
Revisiting Newton’s Law of Inertia......Page 52
Shear and Friction Forces......Page 53
Considering Vertical and Horizontal Linear Equilibrium......Page 55
TORQUE, OR MOMENT OF FORCE......Page 56
Angular Acceleration and Angular Equilibrium......Page 57
Parallel Force Systems......Page 58
Meeting the Three Conditions for Equilibrium......Page 61
Total Muscle Force Vector......Page 62
TORQUE REVISITED......Page 64
Changes to Moment Arm of a Force......Page 65
Angular Acceleration With Changing Torques......Page 66
Moment Arm and Angle of Application of a force......Page 67
Muscles in Third-Class Lever Systems......Page 69
Muscles in Second-Class Lever Systems......Page 70
Mechanical Advantage......Page 71
FORCE COMPONENTS......Page 73
Perpendicular and Parallel Force Effects......Page 74
Translatory Effects of Force Components......Page 79
Rotary Effects of Force Components......Page 80
MULTISEGMENT (CLOSED-CHAIN) FORCE ANALYSIS......Page 81
Chapter 2: Joint Structure and Function......Page 87
Joint Design......Page 88
Structure of Connective Tissue......Page 90
Specific Connectie Tissue Structures Materials Involved in the......Page 96
Mechanical Behavior......Page 103
Time-Dependent and Rate-Dependent Properties......Page 107
Properties of Specific issues......Page 108
COMPLEXITY OF HUMAN JOINT DESIGN......Page 110
Synarthroses......Page 111
Diarthroses......Page 112
Kinematic Chains......Page 117
Joint Motion......Page 118
Disease......Page 121
Immobilization (Stress Deprivation)......Page 122
Exercise......Page 124
Overuse......Page 125
Chapter 3: Muscle Structure and Function......Page 131
Composition of a Muscle Fiber......Page 132
The Contractile Unit......Page 133
The Motor Unit......Page 135
Muscle Structure......Page 137
Muscle Architecture: Size, Arrangement, and Length......Page 138
Muscular Connective Tissue......Page 140
Muscle Tension......Page 142
Classification of Muscle......Page 149
Factors Affecting Muscle Function......Page 151
Immobilization......Page 155
Aging......Page 156
Section 2: Axial Skeletal Joint Complexes......Page 161
Chapter 4: The Vertebral Column......Page 162
Structure......Page 163
Function......Page 173
Structure of the Cervical Region......Page 177
Function of the Cervical Region......Page 182
Structure of the Thoracic Region......Page 185
Function of the Thoracic Region......Page 186
Structure of the Lumbar Region......Page 187
Function of the Lumbar Region......Page 192
Structure of the Sacral Region......Page 194
Function of the Sacral Region......Page 197
The Craniocervical/Upper Thoracic Regions......Page 199
Lower Thoracic/Lumbopelvic Regions......Page 203
Muscles of the Pelvic Floor......Page 209
Age-Related Changes......Page 210
Chapter 5: The Thorax and Chest Wall......Page 215
Rib Cage......Page 216
Muscles Associated With the Rib Cage......Page 222
Coordination and Integration of Ventilatory Motions......Page 229
Differences Associated With the Elderly......Page 230
Chronic Obstsructive Pulmonary Disease......Page 231
Chapter 6: The Temporomandibular Joint......Page 235
INTRODUCTION......Page 236
Articular Structures......Page 237
Accessory Joint Structures......Page 238
Capsule and Ligaments......Page 239
Joint Kinematics......Page 240
Muscles......Page 243
Relationship to the Cervical Spine and Posture......Page 245
Dentition......Page 246
Age-Related Changes in the TM Joint......Page 247
Osseous Mobility Conditions......Page 248
Degenerative Conditions......Page 249
Section 3: Upper Extremity Joint Complexes......Page 253
Chapter 7: The Shoulder Complex......Page 254
Sternoclavicular Joint......Page 255
Acromioclavicular Joint......Page 259
Scapulothoracic Joint......Page 263
Glenohumeral Joint......Page 268
INTEGRATED FUNCTION OF THE SHOULDER COMPLEX......Page 280
Scapulothoracic and Glenohumeral Contributions......Page 281
Sternoclavicular and Acromioclavicular Contributions......Page 282
Structural Dysfunction......Page 284
Deltoid Muscle Function......Page 285
Upper and Lower Trapezius and Serratus Anterior Muscle Function......Page 286
Teres Major and Rhomboid Muscle Function......Page 288
Chapter 8: The Elbow Complex......Page 294
Articulating Surfaces on the Radius and Ulna......Page 295
Articulation......Page 296
Joint Capsule......Page 299
Ligaments......Page 300
Muscles......Page 302
Axis of Motion......Page 304
Mobility and Stability......Page 307
Muscle Action......Page 308
Distal (Inferior) Radioulnar Joint......Page 311
Ligaments......Page 313
Muscles......Page 314
Muscle Action......Page 315
Stability......Page 316
Relationship to the Hand and Wrist......Page 318
Age and Gender......Page 320
Injury......Page 321
Chapter 9: The Wrist and Hand Complex......Page 328
THE WRIST COMPLEX......Page 329
Radiocarpal Joint Structure......Page 330
Distal Radius Fracture......Page 331
Midcarpal Joint Structure......Page 333
Summary of Ligaments......Page 334
Function of the Wrist Complex......Page 335
Functional Range of Motion......Page 336
Scapholunate Ligament Injury......Page 338
Carpometacarpal Joints of the Fingers......Page 342
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome......Page 343
Metacarpophalangeal Joints of the Fingers......Page 345
Interphalangeal Joints of the Fingers......Page 347
Anti-Deformity Positioning......Page 348
Finger Flexor Grasp......Page 349
Metacarpophalangeal Joint......Page 352
Extensor Mechanism......Page 353
Absence of Intrinsic Muscles......Page 355
Interphalangeal Joint Extension......Page 357
Intrinsic Finger Musculature......Page 358
Wartenberg’s Sign......Page 359
Intrinsic Muscles Summary......Page 361
Structure of the Thumb......Page 362
itis......Page 363
Thumb Musculature......Page 364
PREHENSION......Page 366
Power Grip......Page 367
Precision Handling......Page 369
THE WRIST AND HAND......Page 371
Section 4: Hip Joint......Page 377
Chapter 10: The Hip Complex......Page 378
Proximal Articular Surface......Page 379
Distal Articular Surface......Page 381
Articular Congruence......Page 385
Hip Joint Capsule and Ligaments......Page 386
Structural Adaptations to Weight-Bearing......Page 389
Motion of the Femur on the Acetabulum......Page 391
Motion of the Pelvis on the Femur......Page 392
Coordinated Motions of the Femur, Pelvis,  and Lumbar Spine......Page 395
Hip Joint Musculature......Page 397
Bilateral Stance......Page 402
Unilateral Stance......Page 403
Femoroacetabular Impingement......Page 408
Arthrosis......Page 410
Fracture......Page 411
Chapter 11: The Knee......Page 418
Femur......Page 419
Tibia......Page 420
Tibiofemoral Alignment and Weight-Bearing Forces......Page 421
Menisci......Page 422
Joint Capsule......Page 424
Ligaments......Page 427
Bursae......Page 434
Joint Kinematics......Page 435
Muscles......Page 440
Stabilizers of the Knee......Page 445
PATELLOFEMORAL JOINT......Page 447
Patellofemoral Articular Surfaces and Joint Congruence......Page 448
Motions of the Patella......Page 449
Patellofemoral Joint Stress......Page 450
Frontal Plane Patellofemoral Joint Stability......Page 451
EFFECTS OF INJURY AND DISEASE......Page 455
Tibiofemoral Joint Injury......Page 456
Patellofemoral Joint Injury......Page 457
Chapter 12: The Ankle and Foot Complex......Page 463
DEFINITIONS OF MOTIONS......Page 464
Ankle Joint Structure......Page 466
Ankle Joint Function......Page 470
Subtalar Joint Structure......Page 471
Subtalar Joint Function......Page 472
Transverse Tarsal Joint Structure......Page 478
Transverse Tarsal Joint Function......Page 481
Tarsometatarsal Joint Structure......Page 483
Tarsometatarsal Joint Function......Page 485
Metatarsophalangeal Joint Structure......Page 486
Metatarsophalangeal Joint Function......Page 487
Structure of the Arches......Page 490
Function of the Arches......Page 491
MUSCLES OF THE ANKLE AND FOOT......Page 494
Intrinsic Musculature......Page 497
DEVIATIONS FROM NORMAL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION......Page 498
Section 5: Integrated Function......Page 505
Chapter 13: Posture......Page 506
STATIC AND DYNAMIC POSTURES......Page 507
Major Goals and Basic Elements of Control......Page 508
Ground Reaction Forces......Page 512
External and Internal Moments......Page 513
OPTIMAL POSTURE......Page 514
Alignment and Analysis: Lateral View......Page 515
Deviations From Optimal Alignment Viewed From the Side......Page 520
Optimal Alignment and Analysis: Anterior and Posterior Views......Page 525
Deviations From Optimal Alignment......Page 526
Muscle Activity......Page 532
Interdiscal Pressures and Compressive Loads on the Spine......Page 534
Seat Interface Pressures......Page 535
Interdiscal Pressures......Page 537
Age......Page 538
Age and Gender......Page 539
Occupation and Recreation......Page 541
Chapter 14: Gait......Page 547
Phases of the Gait Cycle......Page 548
Time and Distance Terms......Page 550
Kinematic Terms......Page 551
Kinetic Terms......Page 552
Electromyography......Page 554
Sagittal Plane Joint Angles......Page 555
Ground Reaction Force and Center of Pressure......Page 557
Sagittal Plane Moments......Page 558
Frontal Plane Moments......Page 560
Sagittal Plane Powers......Page 563
Mechanical Energy of Walking......Page 565
Muscle Activity......Page 568
Gait Initiation and Termination......Page 573
Trunk......Page 575
Stair Gait......Page 576
Running Gait......Page 578
Summary......Page 581
Age......Page 582
Gender......Page 583
ABNORMAL GAIT......Page 584
Functional Impairment......Page 585
Index......Page 592