Jewish forced labor under the Nazis: economic needs and racial aims, 1938-1944

HALF-TITLE......Page 3
TITLE......Page 5
COPYRIGHT......Page 6
CONTENTS......Page 7
ABBREVIATIONS......Page 9
INTRODUCTION......Page 11
PROLOGUE: ANTI-JEWISH POLICIES IN THE NAZI STATE BEFORE 1938......Page 22
GERMANY......Page 27
PERSECUTORY POLICY IN 1938 AND INITIAL PLANS FOR FORCED LABOR......Page 29
YEAR OF INTRODUCTION, END OF 1938–SUMMER 1939......Page 31
DEPORTATION OR FORCED LABOR? FALL 1939–WINTER 1939–40......Page 34
THE YEAR OF EXPANSION, SPRING 1940–SUMMER 1941......Page 35
FORCED LABOR AND DEPORTATIONS, FALL 1941–JANUARY 1942......Page 45
EXCURSUS: STANDARD WAGES FOR JEWS IN HESSE......Page 48
THE YEAR OF DESTRUCTION, SPRING 1942–SPRING 1943......Page 50
FORCED LABOR FOR JEWS IN MIXED MARRIAGES, 1943–45......Page 54
SUMMARY......Page 56
THE LABOR CAMPS UNTIL THE DEPORTATIONS IN 1941......Page 58
LABOR CAMPS FOR GERMAN JEWS......Page 61
Retraining Camps before and after 1939......Page 70
REICHSVEREINIGUNG CAMPS......Page 75
INTEGRATION IN THE FORCED-LABOR PROGRAM, EARLY SUMMER 1941......Page 83
LABOR AND RESIDENTIAL CAMPS FOR GERMAN JEWS, 1941–43......Page 87
LABOR AND RESIDENTIAL CAMPS......Page 89
THE CAMP INMATES AND THEIR DEPORTATION, 1941–1943......Page 101
SUMMARY......Page 106
PERSECUTION AFTER THE NOVEMBER POGROM......Page 109
FORCED STERILIZATION, FORCED COMMUNITY, AND FORCED LABOR......Page 112
THE DECISION ABOUT FORCED LABOR......Page 115
THE ORGANIZATION OF FORCED LABOR......Page 117
FORCED LABOR IN THE CAMPS......Page 122
SUMMARY......Page 127
AUSTRIA......Page 129
ANNEXATION, ANTI-JEWISH POLICIES, AND THE LABOR MARKET......Page 131
SCOURING GROUPS AND CLEANING COLUMNS, SPRING 1938......Page 133
ARRESTS FOR FORCED LABOR IN CONCENTRATION CAMPS......Page 134
SEGREGATED LABOR DEPLOYMENT: AN IDEA FROM VIENNA, FALL 1938......Page 135
THE BEGINNING OF FORCED LABOR, END OF 1938–SPRING 1939......Page 138
VIENNESE JEWS FOR DIKE CONSTRUCTION IN LEER, EAST FRIESLAND......Page 140
LABOR CAMPS FOR AUSTRIAN JEWS IN GERMANY, 1939–43......Page 142
FORCED LABOR AND CAMP PLANS, SUMMER 1939......Page 143
SO-CALLED RETRAINING CAMPS OF THE VIENNESE JEWISH RELIGIOUS COMMUNITY, 1939–41......Page 145
WAR, DEPORTATION, AND FORCED LABOR, FALL 1939......Page 146
CONTINUATION AND EXPANSION OF SEGREGATED LABOR DEPLOYMENT......Page 148
SS LABOR CAMPS IN AUSTRIA......Page 150
CONDITIONS IN THE LABOR CAMPS, SUMMER 1940......Page 151
RENEWED DEPLETION OF THE FORCED-LABOR POOL, SUMMER AND FALL 1940......Page 152
THE STATUS OF FORCED LABOR AND NEW DEPORTATIONS, 1940–41......Page 154
THE NEW REICH-WIDE DEPORTATIONS, FALL 1941......Page 157
SPECIAL LABOR ASSIGNMENTS IN VIENNA, FIRST HALF OF 1942......Page 158
ACCELERATION OF DEPORTATIONS AND THE FORCED LABORERS, SECOND HALF OF 1942......Page 159
FORCED LABOR OF JEWISH PARTNERS FROM MIXED MARRIAGES......Page 160
SUMMARY......Page 162
THE PROTECTORATE OF BOHEMIA AND MORAVIA......Page 165
OCCUPATION: UNEMPLOYMENT AND IMPOVERISHMENT......Page 167
THE TURNING POINT IN PERSECUTORY POLICY AND THE FIRST FORCED-LABOR MEASURES, FALL 1939–END OF 1940......Page 172
THE SYSTEMATIZATION OF FORCED LABOR IN 1941......Page 178
ISOLATION, MARKING, AND DEPORTATIONS......Page 185
THE EXPANSION OF FORCED LABOR BY THE LABOR ADMINISTRATION......Page 188
GHETTOIZATION AND DEPORTATIONS......Page 194
SUMMARY......Page 198
THE OCCUPIED TERRITORIES OF POLAND......Page 201
EXPULSION PLANS AND FORCED LABOR AS AN INTERMEDIATE SOLUTION......Page 203
GHETTOIZATION AND FORCED LABOR......Page 207
CENTRALIZATION OF FORCED LABOR AND MASS TRANSFER OF WORKERS......Page 208
THE LODZ GHETTO – A LARGE-SCALE OPERATION AND LEGALIZATION OF FORCED LABOR......Page 211
ACCELERATION OF FORCED LABOR BY THE LABOR OFFICES IN LATE 1941......Page 213
CONFLICTS BETWEEN THE LABOR MARKET AND PERSECUTORY POLICIES......Page 215
THE NEW RENTAL SYSTEM OF THE LABOR OFFICES AND THE SITUATION OF FORCED LABORERS, 1942–43......Page 217
FORCED LABOR AND THE LAST STAGE OF MASS MURDER, MID-1943–44......Page 219
SUMMARY......Page 220
TEN THOUSAND GERMAN JEWS FOR THE AUTOBAHN: A PLAN OF THE SS AND FRITZ TODT......Page 222
THE ALTERNATIVE: JEWS FROM THE WARTHEGAU IN REICH AUTOBAHN CONSTRUCTION......Page 224
NEW PLANS FOR MASS TRANSFERS IN THE INTERESTS OF THE ECONOMY......Page 227
ECONOMY VERSUS IDEOLOGY: ACCELERATED UTILIZATION......Page 228
WORSENING OF THE CAMP INMATES’ SOCIAL SITUATION......Page 232
FROM HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION TO UTILIZATION IN INDUSTRY......Page 234
SUMMARY......Page 238
ESTABLISHMENT OF AN UNUSUAL FORCED-LABOR AGENCY......Page 240
THE CAMP SYSTEM......Page 244
REICH AUTOBAHN CAMPS IN UPPER SILESIA......Page 245
FROM HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION TO UTILIZATION IN INDUSTRY......Page 248
FORCED LABOR AND DEPORTATIONS......Page 251
SUMMARY......Page 254
EARLY INTRODUCTION OF FORCED LABOR UNDER SS CONTROL......Page 256
FORCED LABOR UNDER THE SS: MEGAPLANS AND REALITY......Page 259
POWER TRANSFER: THE LABOR ADMINISTRATION’S ASSUMPTION OF RESPONSIBILITY FOR FORCED LABOR......Page 265
LABOR OFFICE AND SS: THE EXAMPLE OF LUBLIN......Page 270
COMPENSATION AND SPECIAL LAW......Page 273
MASS UTILIZATION IN INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECTS......Page 274
THE SITUATION OF FORCED LABORERS AFTER THE ATTACK ON THE SOVIET UNION......Page 278
FORCED LABOR IN THE NEW GALICIA DISTRICT......Page 280
CONFLICTS BETWEEN THE LABOR ADMINISTRATION AND THE SS......Page 282
TRANSITION TO MASS MURDER AND SS TAKEOVER OF THE FORCED-LABOR PROGRAM......Page 283
COOPERATION AND COMPROMISE IN DEPORTATION AND FORCED LABOR......Page 287
ACCELERATION OF THE MURDER PROGRAM AND FORCED LABORERS......Page 293
SUMMARY......Page 299
COMPULSORY LABOR – AN UNDERESTIMATED ELEMENT OF NAZI ANTI-JEWISH POLICY......Page 302
GERMANY......Page 303
AUSTRIA......Page 304
SEGREGATED LABOR DEPLOYMENT AS THE MODEL FOR DANZIG AND THE PROTECTORATE......Page 306
MODEL FOR THE OCCUPIED EASTERN TERRITORIES......Page 307
SILESIA, A SPECIAL CASE......Page 310
CAMP SYSTEMS FOR JEWISH FORCED LABOR......Page 311
THE MODEL FOR “UTILIZATION OF FOREIGN WORKERS” IN THE REICH......Page 314
WORK AND ANNIHILATION?......Page 315
COMPULSORY LABOR AS A BASIC ELEMENT IN PERSECUTION OF JEWS......Page 319
Index of Subjects......Page 323
Index of Persons......Page 337
Index of Places and Camps......Page 339