Japanese Frames of Mind: Cultural Perspectives on Human Development

Cover......Page 1
Half-title......Page 3
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
Notes on the Contributors......Page 9
Preface......Page 13
WHY JAPAN?......Page 14
JAPANESE ETHNOPSYCHOLOGY AND COMMUNICATIVE PRACTICES......Page 17
CULTURAL PSYCHODYNAMICS IN JAPAN......Page 21
REFERENCES......Page 22
INTRODUCTION Japanese Cultural Psychology and Empathic Understanding......Page 25
EXPERIENTIAL APPROACH TO OMOIYARI......Page 26
Cultural Common Sense......Page 28
Sabotage......Page 31
Conflict and Ambivalence......Page 35
Markus and Kitayama’s Experimental Approach......Page 38
Wierzbicka’s Cultural Script Approach......Page 41
Combating Phenomenal Absolutism......Page 45
REFERENCES......Page 48
PART I MORAL SCRIPTS AND REASONING......Page 51
INTRODUCTION......Page 53
CONCEPTUAL ISSUES......Page 56
STORIES REVEALING MORAL JUDGMENT......Page 59
CONTENTS NEEDED FOR A MORAL STORY......Page 62
U.S.–JAPAN COMPARISON OF THE TYPE OF REQUESTED INFORMATION......Page 63
CHANGES IN MORAL JUDGMENT......Page 64
HOW CONTENTS ARE ARRANGED INTO A STORY......Page 66
American......Page 68
Japanese......Page 69
EFFORT AND TIME PERSPECTIVE INTERVIEW......Page 71
CONCLUSIONS......Page 72
REFERENCES......Page 73
TWO Moral Reasoning among Adults......Page 75
CHARACTERISTICS OF AMERICAN AND JAPANESE CULTURES......Page 77
METHODS......Page 78
The Heinz Dilemma (MJI Form A Dilemma) and Its Situationally Modified Versions......Page 79
Stage Scoring......Page 80
Responses to The Heinz (MJI Form A) Dilemma......Page 81
Postconventional Reasoning and Decision Changes by American Subjects......Page 84
A#80 (M): Original Situation......Page 85
Conventional Reasoning and Decision Changes by American Subjects......Page 86
A#12 (M): Original Dilemma......Page 87
A#12 (M): Situation 2 (negative-negative)......Page 88
A#90: Situation 1 (positive-positive)......Page 89
Postconventional Reasoning and Decision Changes by Japanese Subjects......Page 90
A#18 (F): Situation 2 (negative-negative)......Page 92
J#17 (F): Second Situation (positive-positive)......Page 93
Conventional Reasoning and Decision Changes by Japanese Subjects......Page 94
J#34 (M): Original Dilemma......Page 95
Universality of Postconventional Stages and Their Distinction from Conventional Stages......Page 97
J#29 (M): Dilemma IV (Dr.Jefferson’s dilemma of mercy killing)......Page 98
J#28 (M): Dilemma II or The Louise Dilemma......Page 100
J#25 (F): Dilemma IV......Page 101
REFERENCES......Page 103
Moral Judgment Interview Form B Dilemmas......Page 104
Moral Judgment Interview Form A Dilemma......Page 105
PART II MOTHER AND CHILD AT HOME......Page 107
New Notion of Japanese Mothers......Page 109
Cultural Values......Page 110
The Socioeconomic Conditions......Page 111
2......Page 112
Mother as the Sole Caretaker......Page 113
Accepting the Maternal Role......Page 116
The Degree of Maternal Commitment......Page 118
What Are the Safety Valves?......Page 121
Is kosodate mama an Urban Middle-class Model?......Page 127
Are There Any Working Mothers?......Page 129
Is Conflict with the Maternal Role Not Voiced at All?......Page 130
CONCLUSIONS......Page 132
REFERENCES......Page 133
FOUR Japanese Mother-Child Relationships......Page 135
CULTURAL MEANINGS OF MOTHER-CHILD RELATIONSHIPS......Page 136
PROCEDURE OF OBSERVATION......Page 138
SKILLS INVOLVED IN THE SKILL TEACHING EPISODES......Page 139
MATERNAL STRATEGIES FOR SKILL ACQUISITION......Page 141
Explicit Strategies......Page 143
Suggestive Strategies......Page 145
Inferred Strategies......Page 146
The Patient Persuasion for the Child’s Spontaneous Compliance......Page 151
The Mother’s Effort to Avoid Going Against the Child’s Will......Page 153
The Ideal of the Sunao Child......Page 154
The Mother’s Emphasis on the Emotional Bond......Page 156
The Mother’s Choice of Strategies......Page 159
The Mother’s Awareness of Her Role......Page 160
Implication to Developmental Issues......Page 162
REFERENCES......Page 163
PART III GROUP LIFE: THE YOUNG CHILD IN PRESCHOOL AND SCHOOL......Page 165
FIVE Learning to Become Part of the Group......Page 167
METHODOLOGY AND FINDINGS......Page 169
Unwillingness to Attend Preschool......Page 173
Separation Anxiety......Page 177
PROBLEMS IN ADJUSTING TO CLASSROOM LIFE......Page 179
Overreliance on the Teacher......Page 180
Wait Until He Becomes Acclimated......Page 185
Learning to Like Preschool......Page 190
CONCLUSIONS......Page 191
REFERENCES......Page 193
JAPANESE SOCIAL VALUES AND THEIR RELATION TO INTERPERSONAL BEHAVIOR......Page 194
EARLY SOCIALIZATION IN THE HOME AND KINDERGARTEN......Page 196
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS......Page 199
Constructive Play as an Index of Creativity and Knowledge-Sharing......Page 200
Pretend Play and the Creation of Real and Imaginary Worlds......Page 204
Cleanup Activities: Expressions of Mutual Responsibility......Page 209
INDIRECT SPEECH PATTERNS AND THEIR FUNCTION IN GROUP INTERACTIONS......Page 211
Peer Pressure and Indirection......Page 213
Forms of Second-Person Pronoun Address......Page 217
Gender and Self-Reference......Page 218
Levels of Speech Formality in Social Interactions......Page 219
CONCLUSION......Page 222
REFERENCES......Page 224
PART IV ADOLESCENT EXPERIENCE......Page 227
SEVEN Beyond Individualism and Sociocentrism......Page 229
CONCEPTUAL CONTEXT OF THE INDIVIDUALISM VERSUS SOCIOCENTRISM DEBATE......Page 230
THREE JAPANESE ADOLESCENTS’ ACCOUNTS......Page 232
Zuru-sa (“Two-Facedness”)......Page 233
Moral Reasoning......Page 234
Conflict between “Real” (Honne) and “Official” (Tatemae) Feelings......Page 235
Overcoming the Contradiction......Page 236
Achievement Motivation......Page 238
Being Bullied......Page 239
Moral Reasoning......Page 240
Soccer Club......Page 241
Fixing Broken Bathroom Switches......Page 242
ONTOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF THE RELATIONS BETWEEN THE SOCIOCENTRIC AND INDIVIDUALISTIC SELVES......Page 243
FINITUDE OF SELF AND OTHER ORIENTATIONS AND THEIR DYNAMIC INTERRELATIONSHIPS......Page 245
OVERCOMING THE FINITUDE THROUGH “COURAGE TO BE”......Page 246
CONCLUSIONS......Page 248
REFERENCES......Page 249
EIGHT Returnees to Japan......Page 252
KIKOKUSHIJO (JAPANESE STUDENTS RETURNING FROM ABROAD)......Page 253
RETURN TO JAPAN AND “REVERSE CULTURE SHOCK”......Page 254
READJUSTMENT......Page 255
SUBJECTS......Page 256
SCHOOLS: PRIVATE CHRISTIAN INTERNATIONAL VERSUS NATIONAL PREPARATORY......Page 257
BACKGROUND INFORMATION QUESTIONNAIRE......Page 258
INTERVIEW PROCESS......Page 259
DATA ANALYSIS......Page 260
RESULTS......Page 261
Asako......Page 262
Hiroshi......Page 267
DISCUSSION......Page 270
REFERENCES......Page 276
PART V REFLECTIONS......Page 279
NINE Children and Families......Page 281
REFERENCES......Page 289
Index......Page 291