Japanese

Japanese......Page 1
Editorial page......Page 2
Title page......Page 3
LCC data......Page 4
Dedication page......Page 5
Table of Contents......Page 7
Preface......Page 15
Romanization and text presentation......Page 17
1. Language varieties......Page 23
2. Genetic relationships with other languages......Page 25
3. Historical periods and important changes in the language......Page 28
4. Typological features of Japanese......Page 33
1. Early history......Page 40
2. The current system......Page 42
3. Kanji: Chinese characters......Page 43
4. Kana......Page 46
Appendix A (Hiragana chart)......Page 49
Appendix B (Katakana chart)......Page 50
1.1 Vowels......Page 51
1.2.1 Phonetic inventory......Page 53
1.2.2 Phonemic analysis......Page 55
1.2.3 Syllable-initial clusters......Page 58
1.2.4 Special phonemes......Page 59
2.2 Sequential voicing (“Rendaku 連濁”)......Page 61
3. Syllable, mora, and foot......Page 64
4. Accent......Page 68
5. Intonation......Page 71
1. Vocabulary strata......Page 76
2.1.1 Nouns......Page 79
2.1.2 Adjectives......Page 83
2.1.3 Nominal adjectives......Page 84
2.2.1 Adverbs......Page 85
2.2.2 Conjunctions......Page 86
2.2.5 Copula......Page 87
2.2.6 Particles......Page 88
2.2.7 Affixes......Page 89
3.1 Sound-symbolic words......Page 90
3.2.1 Numerals......Page 94
3.2.2 Numeral classifiers and numeric phrases......Page 96
1.1.1 Verb types......Page 100
1.1.2 Onbin (sandhi)......Page 105
1.1.3 Transitive-intransitive opposition......Page 107
1.2 Adjective morphology......Page 108
1.3 Copula morphology......Page 109
1.4 Polite register inflection paradigms......Page 111
2.1 Noun equivalents (Lexical nominalization)......Page 112
2.2 Affixation......Page 114
2.3 Compounding......Page 117
2.4 Reduplication......Page 121
2.5 Clipping and blending......Page 122
1. Argument structure types......Page 126
1.1 Argument structures with stative predicates......Page 127
1.2 Argument structures with dynamic predicates......Page 131
2. Adjunct noun phrases......Page 138
3.1 Subjects......Page 142
3.2 Objects......Page 147
1. Tense......Page 148
2.1 Perfect (anterior) aspect: -ta......Page 154
2.3 Imperfective aspect: Progressive and resultative......Page 155
2.3.1 -te-iru......Page 156
2.3.1.1 Canonical cases. The –te-iru construction shares great deal of similarities with the English be V-ing construction as the table below shows.......Page 158
2.3.1.2. Extended uses. In the previous section, the unmarked meanings of the –te-iru form with different types of verbs were presented. However, marked, extended meanings may also emerge when a specific context is provided. This includes the ­resultative......Page 161
2.3.2 –te-aru......Page 164
2.4 Marked aspects......Page 165
2.4.1.2 -te-shimau.......Page 167
2.4.2 Preparatory aspect: -te-oku......Page 168
2.4.4 Inceptive aspect: (INF) -hajimeru / -dasu......Page 169
2.4.5.1. (ni/-ku) naru. The “inchoative” aspect means a “change of state,” or more specifically “the coming about of a state (without agentive intervention)” (Smith 1991: 35). The word naru is mainly used to code the inchoative aspect of adjectives (stati......Page 170
2.4.5.2. -te-kuru and -te-iku. The auxiliary verbs in -te-kuru and -te-iku (or –te-ku with i deleted), which are derived from kuru ‘come’ and iku ‘go,’ respectively, also show the inchoative aspect. The original use of these expressions is directional (­C......Page 171
2.4.6 Summary......Page 174
1.1.1 Direct passives: -(r)are- as a “voice converter”......Page 175
1.1.2 Indirect passives: -(r)are- as a “valence increaser”......Page 180
1.1.3 Psychological affect (Adversity)......Page 182
1.2 Stative Passives: -(r)are- as a “stativizer”......Page 184
2. Spontaneous constructions......Page 186
3. Potential constructions......Page 187
4.1 Lexical causatives......Page 190
4.2 Morphological causatives......Page 192
4.2.1 Intransitive-based morphological causatives......Page 193
4.2.2 Transitive-based morphological causatives......Page 198
4.3 Periphrastic causatives......Page 199
4.4 Causative-passives......Page 200
5.1 Basic structure......Page 201
5.2 “Malefactive” interpretation......Page 205
5.3 Causative-benefactives and passive-benefactives......Page 206
6.1 Lexical reciprocals......Page 209
6.2 Morphological reciprocals......Page 211
6.3 Periphrastic reciprocals......Page 215
7. Numeric phrases......Page 216
1. Genitive and associative phrases......Page 220
2. Simple attributive phrases......Page 221
3. Clausal noun modification......Page 223
3.1 “Cased head” type (Relative clause)......Page 224
3.2 “Adverbial head” type......Page 230
3.3 “Relational head” type......Page 231
3.4 “Content label head” type (“Appositive clause”)......Page 232
4.1 The ‘ga-no’ conversion......Page 234
4.2 Relative clause formation in English and Japanese......Page 238
1. Quotation: Quoted speech and thought......Page 241
2. Complementation......Page 245
2.1 The object complement......Page 246
2.2 The subject complement......Page 249
3. Internally headed relative clauses (IHRs)......Page 251
4. Integrated adverbial clauses......Page 256
5. Summary......Page 258
Information structure and the sentence form......Page 259
1. The topic-comment structure......Page 260
1.1 Identifiability, activation and discourse......Page 261
1.2 The “eel” sentence......Page 263
1.3 The “-wa -ga” sentence structure......Page 264
2. The contrastive structure......Page 265
3.1 Presupposition and assertion......Page 269
3.2 Obligatory focus interpretation......Page 271
3.3 The cleft argument focus construction......Page 272
4.1 The exclamatory sentence......Page 274
4.2 The presentational sentence......Page 277
5. The mixed-type sentence......Page 278
1.1 Coupling......Page 281
1.2 Contrast......Page 283
2.1.1 “When” (General time)......Page 285
2.1.2 “Before”......Page 286
2.1.4 “While”......Page 287
2.2.1 Reality conditionals......Page 288
2.2.2 Unreality conditionals......Page 289
2.2.3 Concessive conditionals......Page 290
2.4 Counter expectation......Page 291
3. Clause chaining and continuity marking......Page 292
4. The “open clausal structure” and discourse organization......Page 296
1. Personal pronouns, reflexive pronouns, and logophoric pronouns......Page 298
2. Nominal ellipsis (zero anaphora)......Page 301
3.1 Nominal reference......Page 305
3.2 Discourse reference......Page 307
1.1 Internal state expressions......Page 309
14.1.2.1.1 Spatial use.......Page 312
1.2.1.2 Cognitive use.......Page 314
14.1.2.1.3 Affective use.......Page 315
1.2.2 Movement and transaction expressions......Page 316
2. Modality expressions......Page 318
2.1.1 Conjectural and inferential......Page 319
2.1.2 Evidentials......Page 321
2.1.3 Evaluative modality......Page 323
3. Pragmatic particles......Page 324
3.1 Markers of the “territory of information”......Page 325
3.2 Markers of illocutionary act......Page 326
3.3 Markers of unassimilated information......Page 327
4.1 Pragmatic particles and ‘aizuchi’......Page 328
4.2 Discourse markers and discourse connectives......Page 330
1. Personal indexical terms......Page 336
3. Direct vs. indirect dimensions......Page 340
4. Honorifics......Page 342
5. Gendered speech......Page 347
6. Speech register creation......Page 351
1. Newspaper article......Page 353
2. Folk tale......Page 355
3. First person narrative (“Air Raid”)......Page 361
4. Conversation (1): “The Northridge earthquake”......Page 371
5. Conversation (2): “Australia”......Page 376
Index......Page 397