Jal swaraj Case Studies in Community Empowerment

Detailed Table of Contents
List of Tables	9
List of Maps	9
Foreword	12
Plan of this book	14
Methodology	16
CHAPTER 1	18
Managing water: For the people by the people	18
Involving the community	19
Objective of this study	20
The five year plans	21
The example of Tamilnadu	22
Water availability in the 1950s	23
Minimum Needs Programme	24
Breakdowns and problems	25
Trying out compulsory democratisation	27
Rajiv Gandhi National Drinking Water Mission	28
National Agenda for governance	29
Strong points of community led management	31
Herculean task and bureaucratic solutions	33
Conundrums	34
The state of Maharashtra	35
Legislating the use of water	39
Jal Swaraj: the international initiative	40
CHAPTER 2	46
Government Initiative at Work in the Jalgaon Regional Water Supply Scheme	46
Cost norms and practicalities	46
The institutional context	47
Expenditure on water scarcity	49
Tackling scarcity	51
Zillah Parishad and tariffs	52
Scheme Design	54
Lowering engineering specifications	56
General points re. Scheme design	59
Scheme design and capital costs	60
Operation and maintenance mechanisms	60
The Economics of the Scheme	66
Chapter 3	76
A self reliant community in Ratnagiri	76
Closeness to Mumbai	76
Individual initiative	77
Working Towards a Shared Goal	78
Finding resources	79
Getting the technical details right	85
Contributory labour and slow steps	86
Replicating the Model	86
Contribution from the Agriculture University	88
Learning from others	89
Raising funds	89
Contributing labour	90
Benefactors from Mumbai	91
Creating institutional structures	92
Finances of the schemes	94
Dealing with high electricity and maintenance costs	95
Social homogeneity	98
Religio-moral undercurrent	99
Self reliance	100
Chapter 4	102
Effective financial management in Sangli	102
A water short but prosperous region	103
A service provider created by the people	104
Individual initiatives	106
Making use of government assistance	106
The technical details	107
Setting up a society for management	107
Removing political competition	108
Establishing a reasonable tariff	109
Operations	117
Chapter 5	121
Working on a small scale among the poor in Parbhani	121
Sakartala	122
Social Environment	122
Earlier experience of drinking water management	123
Garnering Support	123
Community management	124
Operation & Maintenance	125
Sanitation and Waste Management	127
Empowering Women	128
Future Tasks	129
Kehadtanda	129
Social Environment	130
The physical infrastructure	130
Community Management	131
Planning the Drinking water supply scheme	133
Operation & Maintenance	134
Sanitation	135
Waste Management	136
Empowering Women	136
Future Plans	137
Conclusion	138
Learning Points	138
Involving stakeholders	139
Communicative Action	140
Enabling features	141
Consensus building	142
Divorcing politics from management	143
Technical expertise	144
Sound scheme design	145
Need for government subsidies	146
An ethical issue	147
Glossary	149
Sources	152
Index	154
Acknowledgements	157
 List of Tables
Table 1: Allocation under the Calamity Relief Fund and the National Contingency Calamity Fund for 2001 to 2005	38
Table 2: Expenditure on supplying water to the villages of the 80-village scheme	50
Table 3: Operating staff establishment costs (1997-98)	63
Table 4: Operating Expenses of Jalgaon 80 Village Water Supply Utility	67
Table 5: Operating Revenues of Jalgaon 80 Village Water Supply Utility	68
Table 6: Operating Revenues of Jalgaon 80 Village Water Supply Utility: change over previous year	70
Table 7: Percentage break up of Operating Costs of Jalgaon water supply utility	74
Table 8: Profile of Devke and Chikhalgaon villages in Ratnagiri district	81
Table 9: Rate of self-imposed Water Tax per household in wadi-specific water supply schemes	94
Table 10: Expenditure on the Ganeshwadi-Saiwadi Water Supply Scheme	96
Table 11: Monthly maintenance costs	96
Table 12: Caste composition: Devke and Chikhalgaon	99
Table 13: Pattern of landholding, Devke and Chikhalgaon	99
Table 14: Tax assessment: panchayat wise in the Madgole scheme	111
Table 15: Profile of water supply scheme: wadis consistently in deficit	113
Table 16: Profile of water supply scheme: wadis reporting a surplus in some years	114
Table 17: Ratio of standpost connections and household connections	116
Table 18: Operating Costs of the Madgole Regional Water Supply Society	118
Table 19: Operating Revenues of the Madgole scheme	119
Table 20: Operating Profits of Madgole PWS Taluka Atpadi, Dist Sangli	120

List of Maps

Map 1: India:  states	10
Map 2: Maharashtra districts	11
Map 3: Case study locations	15
Map 4 Drought prone region in Maharashtra	36
Map 5: Schematic map of the 80 v scheme	55