Ivor Horton's Beginning Java

Ivor Horton\'s Beginning Java®......Page 7
Contents......Page 13
Welcome......Page 31
What Is Java All About?......Page 37
Learning Java......Page 38
Learning Java—the Road Ahead......Page 39
Java Program Development......Page 40
So What Are Objects?......Page 47
What Defines a Class of Objects?......Page 49
Operating on Objects......Page 51
Java Program Statements......Page 53
Classes and Subclasses......Page 54
Generic Classes......Page 55
Java\'s Class Library......Page 56
Java Applications......Page 58
Java and Unicode......Page 60
Summary......Page 61
Resources......Page 62
Data and Variables......Page 63
Variable Names and Unicode......Page 64
Integer Data Types......Page 65
Declaring Integer Variables......Page 67
Floating-Point Literals......Page 69
Arithmetic Calculations......Page 70
Integer Calculations......Page 71
Integer Division and Remainders......Page 75
The Increment and Decrement Operators......Page 76
Computation with Shorter Integer Types......Page 77
Floating-Point Calculations......Page 78
Error Conditions in Floating-Point Arithmetic......Page 79
Explicit Casting......Page 80
The op= Operators......Page 81
Mathematical Functions and Constants......Page 82
Importing the Math Class Methods......Page 85
Character Escape Sequences......Page 86
Character Arithmetic......Page 87
Bitwise Operations......Page 89
Using the AND and OR Operators......Page 90
Using the Exclusive OR Operator......Page 92
Shift Operations......Page 93
Methods for Bitwise Operations......Page 97
Variables with a Fixed Set of Integer Values......Page 99
Boolean Variables......Page 100
Operator Precedence......Page 101
Program Comments......Page 102
Documentation Comments......Page 103
Summary......Page 104
Making Decisions......Page 107
The if Statement......Page 108
Nested if Statements......Page 112
Logical Operators......Page 115
The Conditional Operator......Page 120
The switch Statement......Page 121
The General Case of the switch Statement......Page 123
Variable Scope......Page 127
Varieties of Loop......Page 129
Counting Using Floating-Point Values......Page 135
Nested Loops......Page 136
The continue Statement......Page 137
The Labeled continue Statement......Page 138
Using the break Statement in a Loop......Page 139
Assertions......Page 143
More Complex Assertions......Page 145
Summary......Page 146
Arrays......Page 149
Defining an Array......Page 150
Reusing Array Variables......Page 151
Initializing Arrays......Page 152
Using Arrays......Page 155
Arrays of Arrays......Page 158
Arrays of Characters......Page 162
String Literals......Page 163
Creating String Objects......Page 164
Arrays of Strings......Page 165
Joining Strings......Page 166
Comparing Strings......Page 170
Sequencing Strings......Page 175
Accessing String Characters......Page 177
Searching Strings for Characters......Page 179
Searching for Substrings......Page 180
Extracting Substrings......Page 182
Creating Character Arrays from String Objects......Page 187
Creating String Objects from Character Arrays......Page 188
Mutable Strings......Page 189
The Capacity of a StringBuffer Object......Page 190
Adding to a StringBuffer Object......Page 192
Finding the Position of a Substring......Page 194
Inserting Strings......Page 195
Other Mutable String Operations......Page 196
Creating a String Object from a StringBuffer Object......Page 197
Summary......Page 199
What Is a Class?......Page 201
Fields in a Class Definition......Page 202
Methods in a Class Definition......Page 203
Accessing Variables and Methods......Page 204
Defining Classes......Page 205
Defining Methods......Page 206
The Parameter List......Page 207
Accessing Class Data Members in a Method......Page 210
The Variable this......Page 211
Initializing Data Members......Page 212
Constructors......Page 214
The Default Constructor......Page 215
Creating Objects of a Class......Page 216
Defining and Using a Class......Page 218
Method Overloading......Page 220
Multiple Constructors......Page 221
Duplicating Objects Using a Constructor......Page 223
Using Objects......Page 224
Creating a Point from Two Lines......Page 227
Recursion......Page 230
Packaging Up Your Classes......Page 231
Adding Classes from a Package to Your Program......Page 234
Importing Static Class Members......Page 235
Standard Packages......Page 236
Controlling Access to Class Members......Page 239
Using Access Attributes......Page 240
Specifying Access Attributes......Page 241
Choosing Access Attributes......Page 242
Nested Classes......Page 247
Static Nested Classes......Page 249
Using a Non-Static Nested Class......Page 252
Using a Nested Class Outside the Top-Level Class......Page 253
Summary......Page 255
Using Existing Classes......Page 257
Inheriting Data Members......Page 259
Inherited Methods......Page 261
Overriding a Base Class Method......Page 264
The @Override Annotation......Page 265
Polymorphism......Page 266
Using Polymorphism......Page 268
Multiple Levels of Inheritance......Page 272
The Universal Superclass......Page 273
Determining the Type of an Object......Page 275
Duplicating Objects......Page 276
Methods Accepting a Variable Number of Arguments......Page 280
Limiting the Types in a Variable Argument List......Page 281
Casting Objects......Page 282
When to Cast Objects......Page 283
Identifying Objects......Page 284
More on Enumerations......Page 285
Adding Members to an Enumeration Class......Page 286
A Classy Example......Page 289
Using the final Modifier......Page 298
Encapsulating Constants in a Program......Page 299
Interfaces Declaring Methods......Page 302
Extending Interfaces......Page 304
Using Interfaces......Page 305
Interface Types as Method Parameters......Page 311
Anonymous Classes......Page 312
Summary......Page 313
The Idea Behind Exceptions......Page 315
Types of Exceptions......Page 316
Other Subclasses of Exception......Page 317
Handling Exceptions......Page 318
The catch Block......Page 319
The finally Block......Page 323
Structuring a Method......Page 324
Execution Sequence......Page 325
Rethrowing Exceptions......Page 331
The Throwable Class......Page 332
Defining an Exception Class......Page 335
Throwing Your Own Exception......Page 336
An Exception Handling Strategy......Page 337
Summary......Page 342
Streams and Input/Output Operations......Page 345
Input and Output Streams......Page 346
Binary and Character Streams......Page 347
The Classes for Input and Output......Page 348
Basic Input Stream Operations......Page 349
Basic Output Stream Operations......Page 350
Stream Readers and Writers......Page 351
Getting Data from the Keyboard......Page 355
The printf() Method......Page 362
Formatting Data into a String......Page 367
Summary......Page 368
Accessing the File System......Page 371
Working with Path Objects......Page 373
Accessing System Properties......Page 375
Setting System Properties......Page 376
Testing and Checking Path Objects......Page 377
Obtaining File Attributes......Page 378
Other Path Operations......Page 381
Creating Directories......Page 382
Creating Files......Page 384
Getting the Contents of a Directory......Page 385
Closing a Stream......Page 386
Moving and Copying Files and Directories......Page 388
Renaming a File or Directory......Page 389
Copying Files and Directories......Page 390
Walking a File Tree......Page 394
Summary......Page 397
File I/O Basics......Page 401
File Output......Page 402
Writing a File via an Output Stream......Page 403
Writing a File Using a Writer......Page 406
Buffers......Page 408
Buffer Position and Limit......Page 409
Setting the Position and Limit......Page 411
Creating Buffers......Page 412
Buffer Data Transfers......Page 416
Preparing a Buffer for Output to a File......Page 419
Channel Interfaces......Page 421
Channel Operations......Page 422
Obtaining a Channel for a File......Page 423
Channel Write Operations......Page 424
File Write Operations......Page 425
Writing Part of a Buffer to a File......Page 426
File Position......Page 427
Writing Varying Length Strings to a File......Page 429
Direct and Indirect Buffers......Page 434
Writing Numerical Data Using a Channel......Page 435
Writing Mixed Data to a File......Page 439
Writing from Multiple Buffers......Page 444
Forcing Data to Be Written to a Device......Page 447
Summary......Page 448
File Read Operations......Page 451
Reading a File Using an Input Stream......Page 452
Reading a File Using a Buffered Reader......Page 455
Reading a File Using a Channel......Page 456
Getting Data from the Buffer......Page 459
Reading Binary Data......Page 461
Reading Mixed Data......Page 463
Compacting a Buffer......Page 466
Copying Files......Page 468
Random Access to a File......Page 471
Memory-Mapped Files......Page 475
Locking a File......Page 479
Practical File Locking Considerations......Page 480
Summary......Page 483
Storing Objects in a File......Page 487
Writing an Object to a File......Page 488
Writing Primitive Data Types to an Object Stream......Page 490
Implementing the Serializable Interface......Page 491
Reading an Object from a File......Page 494
Determining the Class of a Deserialized Object......Page 496
Using Object Serialization......Page 498
Serializing Classes Yourself......Page 500
Serialization Problems and Complications......Page 501
Summary......Page 503
What Are Generic Types?......Page 505
Defining a Generic Class Type......Page 506
Implementing a Generic Type......Page 507
Instantiating a Generic Type......Page 508
The Runtime Type of Generic Type Instances......Page 513
Multiple Type Parameters......Page 515
Static Fields in a Generic Type......Page 516
Type Parameter Bounds......Page 517
Enabling the Collection-Based for Loop for a Container Class......Page 521
Implementing an Iterator Capability......Page 522
A Parameterized Type for Binary Trees......Page 524
Variables of a Raw Type......Page 533
Wildcards as Type Parameter Arguments......Page 534
Constraints on a Wildcard......Page 536
More on the Class Class......Page 539
Arrays and Parameterized Types......Page 540
Parameterized Methods......Page 543
Generic Constructors......Page 546
Parameterized Types and Inheritance......Page 548
Summary......Page 549
Understanding the Collections Framework......Page 553
Sets......Page 554
Sequences......Page 555
Maps......Page 556
Iterators......Page 557
List Iterators......Page 559
Collection Classes......Page 560
Collection Interfaces......Page 562
Using EnumSet......Page 563
Creating a Vector......Page 565
Storing Objects......Page 568
Retrieving Objects......Page 569
Removing Objects......Page 571
Searching for Objects......Page 572
Applying Vectors......Page 573
Sorting a Collection......Page 576
Stack Storage......Page 578
Linked Lists......Page 583
The Hashing Process......Page 585
Creating a HashMap Container......Page 587
Storing, Retrieving, and Removing Objects......Page 588
Processing all the Elements in a Map......Page 589
Summary......Page 599
Filling an Array......Page 601
Copying an Array......Page 602
Comparing Arrays......Page 603
Sorting Arrays......Page 604
Searching Arrays......Page 607
Array Contents as a String......Page 610
Observable and Observer Objects......Page 611
Observable Class Methods......Page 612
Generating Random Numbers......Page 615
Random Operations......Page 616
The Date Class......Page 618
Interpreting Date Objects......Page 619
Gregorian Calendars......Page 622
Defining Regular Expressions......Page 628
Using a Scanner......Page 646
Getting Input from a Scanner......Page 647
Testing for Tokens......Page 649
Defining Your Own Patterns for Tokens......Page 650
Summary......Page 652
Understanding Threads......Page 655
Creating Threads......Page 657
Stopping a Thread......Page 662
Connecting Threads......Page 663
Implementing the Runnable Interface......Page 664
Managing Threads......Page 666
Synchronization......Page 667
Deadlocks......Page 682
Working with an Executor......Page 683
Future Object Methods......Page 684
Shutting down a Thread Pool......Page 685
Thread Priorities......Page 693
Using Thread Priorities......Page 694
Summary......Page 695
Graphical User Interfaces in Java......Page 697
Model-View-Controller (MVC) Architecture......Page 698
Creating a Window......Page 699
Framing a Window......Page 700
Preventing Deadlocks in GUI Code......Page 701
Components and Containers......Page 704
Window Panes......Page 706
Basics of Components......Page 707
The Size and Position of a Component......Page 708
Points and Rectangles......Page 711
Visual Characteristics of a Component......Page 714
Swing Components......Page 722
Using Swing Containers......Page 725
Container Layout Managers......Page 726
The Flow Layout Manager......Page 727
Using a Border Layout Manager......Page 732
Using a Card Layout Manager......Page 734
Using a Grid Layout Manager......Page 736
Using a BoxLayout Manager......Page 738
Using a GridBagLayout Manager......Page 744
Using a SpringLayout Manager......Page 751
Creating JMenu and JMenuItem......Page 758
Creating a Menu......Page 759
Adding Menu Items to a Menu......Page 761
Adding Menu Shortcuts and Accelerators......Page 764
Summary......Page 766
Interactive Java Programs......Page 769
Event-Driven Programs......Page 770
The Event-Handling Process......Page 771
Event Classes......Page 772
Low-Level Event Classes......Page 773
Making a Window Handle Its Own Events......Page 774
Enabling Other Low-Level Events......Page 777
Low-Level Event Listeners......Page 778
Using Adapter Classes......Page 782
Semantic Events......Page 784
Semantic Event Handling in Applets......Page 785
Alternative Event-Handling Approaches......Page 793
Handling Low-Level and Semantic Events......Page 795
Listening to Menu Items......Page 796
The Action Interface......Page 802
Using Actions as Menu Items......Page 803
Defining Action Classes......Page 804
Adding a Toolbar......Page 810
Adding Buttons to a Toolbar......Page 811
Adding Menu Icons......Page 818
Adding Tooltips......Page 819
Disabling Actions......Page 820
Summary......Page 821
Using the Model/ View Architecture......Page 823
Component Coordinate Systems......Page 827
Drawing on a Component......Page 828
Graphics Contexts......Page 829
The Drawing Process......Page 831
Shapes......Page 832
Classes Defining Points......Page 833
Lines and Rectangles......Page 834
Arcs and Ellipses......Page 838
Curves......Page 841
Complex Paths......Page 848
Filling Shapes......Page 853
Gradient Fill......Page 854
Managing Shapes......Page 857
Storing Shapes in the Model......Page 859
Drawing Shapes......Page 861
Handling Mouse Events......Page 862
Defining Lines......Page 869
Defining Rectangles......Page 871
Defining Circles......Page 873
Drawing Curves......Page 875
Changing the Cursor......Page 877
Summary......Page 878
Creating a Status Bar......Page 881
A Status Bar Class for Sketcher......Page 882
Updating the Panes......Page 884
Modal and Modeless Dialogs......Page 886
A Simple Modal Dialog......Page 888
Instant Message Dialogs......Page 891
Instant Input Dialogs......Page 893
Defining the Menu Item and Toolbar Button for Text......Page 894
Defining the Text Class......Page 896
Creating Text Elements......Page 898
A Font Selection Dialog......Page 900
The FontDialog Class......Page 901
Creating the Font Dialog Buttons......Page 902
Adding the Data Pane......Page 903
Implementing the Font List......Page 904
Displaying the Selected Font......Page 906
Using a Split Pane......Page 907
Using a Spinner......Page 908
Using Radio Buttons to Select the Font Style......Page 910
Listening for Radio Buttons......Page 911
Pop-Up Menus......Page 913
Displaying a Pop-Up Menu......Page 915
Implementing a Context Menu......Page 918
Transforming the User Coordinate System......Page 926
The AffineTransform Class......Page 927
Using a Buffered Image......Page 942
Adding the Custom Color GUI......Page 943
Displaying the Color Chooser Dialog......Page 945
Summary......Page 947
Serializing the Sketch......Page 949
Assigning a Document Name......Page 950
Validating the Directory for Sketches......Page 951
Recording Changes to a Sketch......Page 952
Using a File Chooser......Page 953
Displaying a File Open Dialog......Page 954
Customizing a File Chooser Dialog......Page 955
Creating a Customized File Dialog......Page 957
Implementing the Save Operation......Page 958
Implementing the Save As Operation......Page 963
Implementing the File Open Operation......Page 964
Starting a New Sketch......Page 966
Preventing Data Loss on Close......Page 967
Printing in Java......Page 968
Creating and Using PrinterJob Objects......Page 971
Printing Pages......Page 973
Printing the Whole Sketch......Page 977
Printing in Landscape Orientation......Page 982
Improving the Printing Facilities......Page 984
Implementing Page Setup......Page 985
Using the Java Print Dialog......Page 987
Multipage Document Printing......Page 990
Printing Using a Book......Page 997
Printing Swing Components......Page 999
Summary......Page 1001
XML......Page 1005
XML Document Structure......Page 1006
Well-Formed XML Documents......Page 1007
Valid XML Documents......Page 1008
Elements in an XML Document......Page 1009
Element Attributes......Page 1012
Data Structure in XML......Page 1014
Declaring a DTD......Page 1015
Defining a DTD......Page 1016
A DTD for Sketcher......Page 1022
Rules for a Well-Formed Document......Page 1025
XML Namespaces......Page 1026
Namespace Declarations......Page 1027
XML Schemas......Page 1028
Defining a Schema......Page 1029
Defining Schema Elements......Page 1030
Specifying Data Types......Page 1031
Restrictions on Values......Page 1032
Specifying a Group of Element Choices......Page 1033
A Schema for Sketcher......Page 1034
Defining Line Elements......Page 1035
Defining a Circle Element Type......Page 1037
Defining a Text Element Type......Page 1038
Programming with XML Documents......Page 1042
SAX Processing......Page 1043
DOM Processing......Page 1044
Using SAX......Page 1045
Parser Features and Properties......Page 1047
Parsing Documents with SAX......Page 1049
Implementing a SAX Handler......Page 1050
Handling Other Parsing Events......Page 1058
Parsing a Schema Instance Document......Page 1060
Summary......Page 1064
The Document Object Model......Page 1067
Parsing a Document......Page 1069
Navigating a Document Object Tree......Page 1070
Node Types......Page 1072
Ignorable Whitespace and Element Content......Page 1077
Accessing Attributes......Page 1078
Transformer Objects......Page 1080
Creating Document Objects......Page 1083
Adding to a Document......Page 1086
Storing a Sketch as XML......Page 1087
Adding Element Nodes......Page 1088
Creating a Document Object for a Complete Sketch......Page 1094
Saving a Sketch as XML......Page 1096
Creating the Base Class Object from XML......Page 1100
Creating Elements from XML Nodes......Page 1101
Reading the XML File......Page 1106
Creating the Model......Page 1107
Summary......Page 1110
Appendix A: Keywords......Page 1113
Binary Numbers......Page 1115
Hexadecimal Numbers......Page 1116
Octal Numbers......Page 1117
Negative Binary Numbers......Page 1118
Floating-Point Numbers......Page 1119
Index......Page 1121
Advertisement......Page 1154