iSpine: Evidence-Based Interventional Spine Care

Contents......Page 6
Preface......Page 8
Acknowledgments......Page 10
Contributors......Page 12
INTRODUCTION......Page 20
CERVICAL SPINE......Page 21
LUMBOSACRAL SPINE......Page 23
REFERENCES......Page 30
Part I. Lumbosacral Spine\n......Page 36
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORKS FOR UNDERSTANDING SPINE FUNCTION......Page 38
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF THE PAINFUL LUMBOSACRAL SPINE......Page 40
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF THE PAINFUL SIJ......Page 41
REFERENCES......Page 43
PHYSICAL IDENTIFICATION OF STRUCTURAL DIAGNOSES......Page 45
INTERNAL DISC DISRUPTION......Page 55
CONTROVERSY......Page 57
IMAGING......Page 60
REFERENCES......Page 62
NOMENCLATURE AND TERMINOLOGY......Page 64
POST DISC STIMULATION RADIOGRAPHIC IMAGING......Page 65
INDICATIONS......Page 66
PRELIMINARY PROCEDURES......Page 67
TECHNIQUE......Page 68
DISC STIMULATION PAIN AND PRESSURE RECORDING......Page 71
PROVOCATION DISCOGRAPHY AND FAD COMPLICATIONS......Page 72
REFERENCES......Page 73
INJECTION ROUTES......Page 75
DIAGNOSTIC WORK-UP......Page 77
EFFICACY RESEARCH......Page 78
REFERENCES......Page 82
MECHANISMS OF PAIN RELIEF......Page 86
INTRADISCAL ELECTROTHERMAL THERAPY......Page 87
INTRADISCAL BIACUPLASTY......Page 89
REFERENCES......Page 90
ANATOMY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OVERVIEW......Page 92
INTRADISCAL INJECTION OF A “NAKED” BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE FACTOR......Page 93
GENE THERAPY APPROACHES......Page 95
AUTOLOGOUS IMPLANTATION OF CULTIVATED, MODIFIED CELLS......Page 96
REFERENCES......Page 97
FACET JOINT PAIN......Page 99
PREVALENCE......Page 100
RADIOGRAPHIC FINDINGS......Page 101
UTILITY OF IMAGING FOR FACET JOINT INTERVENTIONS......Page 104
REFERENCES......Page 107
ANATOMY......Page 109
TECHNIQUE......Page 110
REFERENCES......Page 112
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND......Page 114
DIAGNOSIS OF LUMBAR Z-JOINT PAIN......Page 115
REVIEW OF PERTINENT ANATOMY......Page 116
TECHNIQUE OF FACET JOINT INJECTIONS......Page 117
SPECIAL CASES: FACET CYSTS......Page 119
REFERENCES......Page 120
CLINICAL ANATOMY......Page 122
INDICATIONS......Page 123
TECHNIQUE......Page 124
EFFICACY......Page 125
SAFETY......Page 127
REFERENCES......Page 128
ANATOMY......Page 129
IMAGING MODALITIES......Page 130
ARTHROGRAPHY AND SIJ DYSFUNCTION......Page 131
SACRAL AND SIJ PATHOLOGY......Page 133
REFERENCES......Page 144
THE TECHNIQUE OF DIAGNOSTIC BLOCKADE OF THE SIJ......Page 146
ASSESSMENT OF RESULTS......Page 147
ALTERNATIVES TO ANESTHETIC BLOCK OF SIJ......Page 148
REFERENCES......Page 149
EFFICACY OF INTRA-ARTICULAR STEROID INJECTIONS......Page 150
EFFICACY OF PROLOTHERAPY......Page 152
REFERENCES......Page 154
SI JOINT PAIN......Page 155
RADIOFREQUENCY TREATMENTS......Page 157
APPROACHES TO RF ABLATION AND TECHNIQUE......Page 159
CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE RESEARCH......Page 163
REFERENCES......Page 164
BAASTRUP’S DISEASE AND INTERSPINOUS LIGAMENT PAIN......Page 166
REFERENCES......Page 169
PATHOLOGY......Page 170
CLINICAL PRESENTATION......Page 171
REFERENCES......Page 172
SPONDYLOLYSIS......Page 175
DISC AND ENDPLATE INJURY......Page 180
REFERENCES......Page 183
MECHANICAL DIAGNOSIS AND THERAPY......Page 46
REFERENCES......Page 52
HISTORICAL FEATURES......Page 186
RADICULAR PAIN AND INNERVATION......Page 196
MAIN CAUSES OF RADICULOPATHY......Page 197
UNCOMMON CAUSES OF RADICULOPATHY......Page 203
EVIDENCE-BASED REVIEW OF THE PREDICTIVE VALUE OF RADIOGRAPHIC FINDINGS......Page 204
REFERENCES......Page 206
THE BASICS OF ELECTRODIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES......Page 207
GENERAL APPROACH TO RADICULOPATHIES......Page 211
CONCLUSION......Page 212
REFERENCES......Page 213
RATIONALE FOR USE OF EPIDURAL STEROIDS......Page 214
GENERAL EPIDURAL INJECTION PROCEDURE......Page 215
CAUDAL EPIDURAL STEROID INJECTIONS......Page 216
INTERLAMINAR EPIDURAL INJECTIONS......Page 219
TRANSFORAMINAL EPIDURAL STEROID INJECTIONS......Page 222
COMPARISON STUDIES OF EPIDURAL STEROID INECTION TECHNIQUES......Page 227
SAFETY AND COMPLICATIONS OF ESIs......Page 228
REFERENCES......Page 230
RATIONALE......Page 236
INDICATIONS......Page 237
TECHNIQUES OF PERCUTANEOUS LUMBAR DISC ACCESS......Page 239
MODALITIES......Page 248
SAFETY AND RISKS......Page 253
REFERENCES......Page 254
BRIEF TIMELINE OF NEUROMODULATION......Page 258
ETIOLOGY OF THE PAIN AND LIKELIHOOD OF PAIN REDUCTION......Page 259
PATIENT FACTORS......Page 260
PROCEDURAL TECHNIQUES FOR PERCUTANEOUS SCS LEAD PLACEMENT......Page 261
COMPLICATIONS......Page 262
REFERENCES......Page 264
REDUCING THE RISK OF INJURY......Page 266
SPINE-SPECIFIC ASSESSMENT......Page 267
EVALUATION OF GLUTEAL AND SCAPULAR MUSCLE FUNCTION......Page 268
THERAPEUTIC EXERCISE......Page 270
SUMMARY: SOME FINAL CONSIDERATIONS......Page 273
REFERENCES......Page 275
BIOMECHANICAL PRINCIPLES......Page 277
BIOMECHANICAL APPLICATIONS IN TASK DESIGN......Page 280
REFERENCES......Page 281
PHYSICAL EXAMINATION FINDINGS......Page 189
DIAGNOSTIC SNRBS......Page 192
REFERENCES......Page 193
Part II. Cervical Spine......Page 284
PREVALENCE......Page 286
DEFINITIONS......Page 287
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF CHRONIC NECK PAIN......Page 290
CERVICAL SPINE DEGENERATION......Page 291
NECK PAIN......Page 296
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF DISCOGENIC PAIN......Page 298
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF CERVICAL RADICULAR PAIN......Page 299
REFERENCES......Page 300
HISTORICAL OVERVIEW......Page 305
CT, MYELOGRAPHY, AND CT MYELOGRAPHY......Page 317
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING......Page 318
REFERENCES......Page 320
INTRODUCTION......Page 321
TECHNIQUE......Page 322
UTILITY OF CERVICAL PROVOCATION DISCOGRAPHY......Page 326
REFERENCES......Page 327
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY......Page 329
EPIDURAL CORTICOSTEROID INSTILLATION......Page 331
THERAPEUTIC INTRADISCAL PROCEDURES......Page 335
REFERENCES......Page 342
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING......Page 348
CERVICAL FACET PATHOLOGY......Page 349
REFERENCES......Page 352
CLINICAL DIAGNOSIS OF CERVICAL FACET JOINT PAIN......Page 354
REFERENCES......Page 365
DIAGNOSTIC TESTING......Page 367
TREATMENT......Page 368
TECHNIQUE......Page 370
REFERENCES......Page 371
EVIDENCE FOR CERVICAL RADIOFREQUENCY DENERVATION......Page 373
ANATOMY......Page 374
TECHNIQUES......Page 375
ADVERSE EFFECTS......Page 379
REFERENCES......Page 381
MECHANISM OF WHIPLASH INJURY......Page 382
NATURAL HISTORY......Page 383
CLINICAL SYMPTOMS......Page 385
STRUCTURAL ETIOLOGY OF CHRONIC NECK PAIN DUE TO WHIPLASH......Page 386
TREATMENT: CHRONIC NECK PAIN......Page 387
REFERENCES......Page 390
ALGORITHMIC APPROACH......Page 306
REFERENCES......Page 314
CLINICAL ASSESSMENT: HISTORY......Page 393
AN ALGORITHMIC APPROACH......Page 394
CLINICAL ASSESSMENT: PHYSICAL EXAMINATION......Page 400
CLINICAL ASSESSMENT: ELECTROMYOGRAPHY......Page 404
CLINICAL ASSESSMENT: FUNCTIONAL TESTING......Page 405
REFERENCES......Page 407
CHOICE OF IMAGING MODALITY......Page 408
PERFORMANCE AND INTERPRETATION OF DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING......Page 411
PREDICTIVE VALUE OF DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING......Page 414
REFERENCES......Page 416
PHYSICAL EXAMINATION......Page 418
ELECTRODIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION......Page 419
SUMMARY......Page 422
REFERENCES......Page 423
INTRODUCTION......Page 424
CERVICAL TRANSFORAMINAL EPIDURAL STEROID INJECTIONS......Page 425
CERVICAL INTERLAMINAR EPIDURAL STEROID INJECTIONS......Page 429
IMAGING METHODS......Page 431
SAFETY PROFILE......Page 432
PREDICTING OUTCOMES......Page 434
REFERENCES......Page 435
TECHNOLOGY......Page 438
PROCEDURAL TECHNIQUE......Page 439
OUTCOMES......Page 441
CONCLUSION......Page 442
REFERENCES......Page 443
BRIEF TIMELINE OF NEUROMODULATION......Page 444
ETIOLOGY OF THE PAIN AND THE LIKELIHOOD OF PAIN REDUCTION......Page 445
PATIENT FACTORS......Page 446
PROCEDURAL TECHNIQUES FOR PERCUTANEOUS SCS LEAD PLACEMENT......Page 447
COMPLICATIONS......Page 448
REFERENCES......Page 451
NATURAL HISTORY OF CERVICAL SPINE PAIN......Page 452
FUNCTIONAL REHABILITATION......Page 453
SUMMARY......Page 456
REFERENCES......Page 457
Part III. Osteoporotic Spine and Pelvis......Page 460
OSTEOPOROSIS......Page 462
VERTEBRAL COMPRESSION FRACTURE......Page 464
REFERENCES......Page 468
HISTORY OF VERTEBRAL BODY AUGMENTATION......Page 470
RATIONALE FOR REDUCING KYPHOSIS......Page 491
KYPHOPLASTY......Page 493
EMERGING CONCEPTS IN VOID CREATION......Page 496
CONCLUSIONS......Page 500
REFERENCES......Page 501
FRACTURES OF THE SACRUM AND EXTRASACRAL PELVIS......Page 503
TREATMENT OF PELVIC INSUFFICIENCY FRACTURES......Page 506
EFFICACY OF AUGMENTATION OF PELVIC INSUFFICIENCY FRACTURES......Page 515
REFERENCES......Page 516
CLINICAL ASPECTS OF VERTEBROPLASTY......Page 471
TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF VERTEBRAL AUGMENTATION......Page 474
COMPLICATIONS......Page 481
CLINICAL OUTCOMES......Page 483
REFERENCES......Page 487
EXERCISE......Page 518
REFERENCES......Page 520
Index......Page 522