Islamic Militant Activism in Belgium, The Netherlands and Germany: "Islands in a Sea of Disbelief"

Acknowledgements
Contents
1: Introduction: Conducting Research on Militant Activist Da˓wa in Belgium, the Netherlands and Germany
	From a Radicalisation Perspective to a Relational Approach to Militant Activism
	Securitisation, Secularism and Integration
	Militant Activism as Resistance: Counter-conduct, Daʿwa and Spectacles
	Ethics and Research Strategy in Politicised Environments
		Emotions and Identity Work in Fieldwork: ‘Being There’
		The Boundaries of Research: Reciprocity
		The Dynamics in the Field: Trust and Empathy
		Producing Knowledge About Muslims
	On Data and Method
	Notes and Acknowledgement
		Reading Guide
		Note on Anonymity and Privacy
		Note on Transcription
	References
2: Iconic Resistance: Germany
	The Socio-political Context of the German Networks: ‘Zusammen gegen den gewaltbereiten Salafismus’
	The Rise of the German Networks
	Dissociating, Fighting and Hating
	Dissemination: Social Media and ‘Real Life’ Activism
	Militant Activist Repertoire: Connective Action, Spectacle Activism, Solidarity and Space Claiming
		Street Da‘wa as Connective Action
		Spectacle Activism: Seeking Confrontation
		Solidarity with Muslim Prisoners
		Help for Muslims in Need
		Claiming One’s Own Space
	The Demise of the Militant Da˓wa Networks
	References
3: “Making the Unbelievers Angry”: Sharia4Belgium
	The Political and Social Context Surrounding Sharia4Belgium
		The Police and the Justice Department
		Anti-radicalisation Policy in the Community
		Anti-radicalisation Policy in Cities
		Measures Against Sharia4Belgium
		Responses from Islamic Civil Society to Radicalisation and Anti-radicalisation Policy
	The Rise and Development of Sharia4Belgium
		Authority and Membership
		The Departure for Syria
		The Politico-religious Ambitions of Sharia4Belgium
		The Fight Against Injustice and for an Islamic State
		The Significance of Practising Openly
	Building Up and Breaking Down Authority
		Takfir, Monitoring and Suspicion as Divisive Factors
		Collaboration, Conflict and Transnational Links
	Creating a Spectacle
		‘Let’s Turn Belgium into an Islamic State’
		Morel “Into the Dustbin of History Along with Hitler and Stalin”
		Disruption of the ‘Long Live God, Down with Allah’ Lecture, University of Antwerp, March 2010
		‘Niqab Riots’ in Molenbeek (Brussels, May 2012)
		Activism and Recreational Pursuits
	The End of Sharia4Belgium: ‘The Time for da‘wa Is Past’ and the Significance of the hijra to Syria
	References
4: ‘The War Has Begun’: The Dutch Networks
	The Socio-political Context of the Dutch Networks
		The Ideology of Integration
		Securitisation and Anti-radicalisation
		The Opposing Voices from Muslim Communities
	The Rise of Behind Bars, Street Dawah and Sharia4Holland
		Free Saddik Sbaa: The ‘War on Terror’, Friendship and Mobilisation
		Towards Street Dawah
		‘This Is Exactly What We Need!’: The Rise of Sharia4Holland
		‘Different Priorities’: Transformations in the Activist Daʿwa Networks in 2012 and 2013
	Democracy and Hypocrisy
		The Banner
		The War Has Begun
	Authoritative Alternatives
		‘The True Religion’
		The Superiority of the Alternative: al-Awlaki
		Daʿwa: Creating Visibility on the Street and in the Media
	Connective Mobilisation
		Fluid Networks
		Spectacle and Disruption
		Solidarity with Islamic Prisoners: Imprisoned in the ‘War on Terror’
	The Collapse of the Dutch Networks
	References
5: The Production of ‘Radicals’: ‘Steadfast Warriors’ in the Netherlands
	Performing Steadfastness: The ‘Battle for Hondius’
		The Flag Spectacle
		The ‘Battle’
		‘Lions’: The Iconicity of ‘Hondius’
	The Case of Abu Muhammed and What It Means to Be a ‘Fighter’
	The Collapse of ‘Radical’ Subjectivity
	References
6: A Comparative Discussion: The Counter-conducts of Militant Muslim Activists
	Introduction
	Authority and Structure
	Ideology and Religion
	Alternative Worlds and Styles of Activism
	The Dynamics Within the Networks
	‘Radical’ Subjects
	The Strategies of the Daʿwa Activists
		Reject
		Reverse
		Accommodate
		Evade
	The Politicisation and De-politicisation of the Message of Militant Daʿwa
	The Mixed Meanings of Resistance
	References
Glossary
Index