Islamic History

Britannica - Islamic History (December.2009) (ATTiCA)......Page 1
COPYRIGHT......Page 4
CONTENTS......Page 5
INTRODUCTION......Page 10
CHAPTER 1 THE PRECURSORS OF ISLAM (c. 3000 BCE–500 CE)......Page 19
THE RISE OF AGRARIAN-BASED CITIED SOCIETIES......Page 21
THE NILE-TO-OXUS REGION......Page 23
THE ARABIAN PENINSULA......Page 25
THE CITY OF MECCA: CENTRE OF TRADE AND RELIGION......Page 29
MECCA UNDER THE QURAYSH CLANS......Page 30
NEW SOCIAL PATTERNS AMONG THE MECCANS AND THEIR NEIGHBOURS......Page 33
MUHAMMAD’S YEARS IN MECCA......Page 35
MUHAMMAD’S EMIGRATION TO YATHRIB (MEDINA)......Page 39
ISLAM AT MUHAMMAD’S DEATH......Page 46
ABU BAKR’S SUCCESSION......Page 48
SOCIAL AND CULTURAL TRANSFORMATIONS......Page 52
THE SPIRIT OF CONQUEST UNDER ‘UMAR I......Page 55
FORGING THE LINK OF ACTIVISM WITH FAITHFULNESS......Page 56
DISCONTENT IN ‘UTHMAN’S REIGN......Page 58
INTRA-MUSLIM CONFLICTS......Page 60
THE FIRST FITNAH......Page 61
THE SECOND FITNAH......Page 63
THE EMERGENT ISLAMIC CIVILIZATION......Page 67
THE THIRD FITNAH......Page 73
SUNNIS AND SHI‘ITES......Page 77
THE ‘ABBASIDS......Page 80
SHARI‘AH......Page 85
THE FOURTH FITNAH......Page 87
THE RISE OF COMPETITIVE REGIONS......Page 93
ANDALUSIA, THE MAGHRIB, AND SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA......Page 95
THE FATIMID DYNASTY......Page 100
THE HAMDANID DYNASTY......Page 103
CULTURAL FLOWERING IN IRAQ......Page 104
THE BUYID DYNASTY......Page 108
THE SAMANIDS......Page 113
THE GHAZNAVIDS......Page 114
THE DECLINE OF THE CALIPHATE AND RISE OF EMIRATES......Page 117
CHAPTER 5 MIGRATION AND RENEWAL (1041–1405)......Page 119
SELJUQ TURKS......Page 120
POLICIES OF NIZAM AL-MULK......Page 122
TARIQAH FELLOWSHIPS......Page 126
THE CALL FOR THE CRUSADES......Page 127
EFFECT OF THE CRUSADES IN SYRIA......Page 128
MONGOLS......Page 133
FIRST MONGOL INCURSIONS......Page 135
CONVERSION OF MONGOLS TO ISLAM......Page 137
ASCENT OF THE OTTOMAN TURKS......Page 142
TIMUR’S EFFORTS TO RESTORE MONGOL POWER......Page 143
IMAZIGHEN......Page 146
THE SANHAJAH CONFEDERATION......Page 147
THE ALMORAVID DYNASTY......Page 148
THE ALMOHAD DYNASTY......Page 151
CONTINUED SPREAD OF ISLAMIC INFLUENCE......Page 152
CHAPTER 6 CONSOLIDATION AND EXPANSION (1405–1683)......Page 156
CONTINUATION OF OTTOMAN RULE......Page 159
REIGN OF SÜLEYMAN I......Page 160
THE EXTENT OF OTTOMAN ADMINISTRATION......Page 163
SAFAVIDS......Page 165
EXPANSION IN IRAN AND BEYOND......Page 166
SHAH ‘ABBAS I......Page 168
FOUNDATION BY BABUR......Page 170
REIGN OF AKBAR......Page 172
CONTINUATION OF THE EMPIRE......Page 174
TRANS-SAHARAN ISLAM......Page 178
INDIAN OCEAN ISLAM......Page 181
CHAPTER 7 ISLAMIC HISTORY FROM 1683 TO THE PRESENT: REFORM, DEPENDENCY, AND RECOVERY......Page 184
PRE-COLONIAL REFORM AND EXPERIMENTATION (1683 TO 1818)......Page 186
THE RISE OF BRITISH COLONIALISM TO THE END OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE......Page 190
REFORM AND REVIVAL IN THE COLONIAL PERIOD......Page 193
NATIONALISM: POSTCOLONIAL STATES AND ISLAM......Page 197
ISLAMIST MOVEMENTS FROM THE 1960S......Page 200
THE MAINSTREAMING OF ISLAMIST MOVEMENTS......Page 205
DIMENSIONS OF THE ISLAMIC REVIVAL......Page 207
ISLAM AND GLOBALIZATION: THE AGE OF MOBILITY......Page 209
GLOSSARY......Page 214
FOR FURTHER READING......Page 216
INDEX......Page 218