Islam and Muslims in the West: Major Issues and Debates

Note on Transliteration......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
Chapter 1: Introduction......Page 9
References......Page 16
1 Introduction......Page 17
2 Broad Outlines of Interactions Between Arabo-Islamic and Western-Christian Civilisations......Page 19
2.1 Period from the End of the Seventh to the Beginning of the Ninth Century......Page 20
2.3 From the End of the Eleventh to the Fifteenth Century......Page 21
2.4 The Period Between the Fifteenth and the Seventeenth Centuries......Page 24
2.5 The Period from the Seventeenth to the Nineteenth Century......Page 25
2.6 The Colonial–Post-colonial Period......Page 26
2.7 The Post-colonial Period to Present......Page 28
3 A Brief History of Muslim Presence in Europe, North America, and Australia......Page 31
References......Page 36
2 Discursive- Versus Sociological-Based Approaches to Typologies of Western Muslims......Page 39
2.1 Discursive-Based Classifications/Orientations......Page 40
2.2 Sociological-Based Approaches......Page 48
3.1 The Hizmet Movement (HM)......Page 51
3.2 The European Council for Fatwa and Research (ECFR)......Page 55
References......Page 58
2 Migration and Identity Changes in New Immigrant, Religious Minority Communities in the West......Page 61
3 Migration and Identity Changes in New Muslim Immigrant Communities in the West......Page 64
4 The Role of Scriptural Hermeneutics in Western Muslims’ Identity Construction......Page 71
5 Immigrant Muslim Women and Western Muslims’ Identity Construction......Page 73
6 Conclusion......Page 78
References......Page 79
1 Introduction......Page 85
2 Background......Page 86
3 Retreat from Multiculturalism......Page 88
4 Western Public and Muslim Community Perspectives......Page 90
5 Islamism......Page 97
6 Conclusion......Page 103
References......Page 104
1 Introduction......Page 107
2 Overview......Page 108
3 Development......Page 110
4 Processes......Page 112
4.1 Colonial Experiences......Page 113
4.2 Constitutional Arrangements......Page 114
4.3 Precedents of Other Religious Communities......Page 115
4.4 Social Integration and National Security......Page 117
5 Islam Councils......Page 119
6 Shariah Institutions......Page 121
7 Alternate Initiatives......Page 123
References......Page 124
1 Introduction......Page 128
2 Muslim Women in Western Muslim Organisations and Mosques: A Brief Overview......Page 129
3 Female Religious Leadership as Gender Jihad in the West......Page 132
4 Populist–Activist-Based Gender Jihad: The Case of Asra Nomani and Irshad Manji......Page 135
4.1 Irshad Manji......Page 137
5.1 Amina Wadud......Page 140
5.2 Asma Barlas......Page 142
References......Page 147
1 Introduction......Page 149
2 Numbers of Converts?......Page 150
3 Which Islam?......Page 152
4 Identity......Page 155
5.1 Family and Friends......Page 158
5.2 Relations with Muslim Community......Page 159
5.3 Relations with Wider Society......Page 161
6 Potential Bridge and for Shaping Islam in the West?......Page 162
7 Conclusion......Page 163
References......Page 164
1 Introduction......Page 167
2.1 Terrorism and Home-Grown Terrorism......Page 169
2.2 Radicalisation......Page 171
2.3 Islamism and Jihadism......Page 172
2.4 Home-Grown Islamist Terrorism......Page 173
2.5 Home-Grown Terrorists......Page 174
3 Phases, Stages, and Models: A Process of Radicalisation?......Page 175
4 Opportunities to Radicalise: Prison and the Internet......Page 178
5 The Role of Religion......Page 180
6 Combatting Home-Grown Terrorism......Page 182
7 Challenges of Researching Islamist Terrorism......Page 183
References......Page 185
1 Introduction......Page 189
2 Origins......Page 190
3 Definitions......Page 193
4 Manifestations and Extent......Page 195
5 Causes......Page 199
6 Critiques of Islamophobia......Page 203
7 Conclusion......Page 209
References......Page 210
2 Broader Context Behind the Emergence of Minority fiqh......Page 215
3 Historical Overview of the Emergence of Minority fiqh......Page 218
4 Definition, Presuppositions, Significance, and Purposes of Minority fiqh......Page 220
5 Overview of the Main Theoretical Approaches to Minority fiqh......Page 221
6 The Main Issues in Minority fiqh Discourse......Page 227
7 Criticisms of Minority fiqh Discourse......Page 232
References......Page 234
1 Introduction......Page 236
2 Some Significant Factors and Processes Facilitating the Emergence of a Distinct Western Muslim Identity/Western Islam......Page 237
2.1 Increasing Institutionalisation of Islam in the West......Page 238
2.3 Religious Music......Page 239
2.4 Western Languages......Page 240
Tariq Ramadan......Page 242
Rethinking Interpretation of Islamic Intellectual Tradition......Page 243
The Idea of Social-Political Engagement and Citizenship......Page 246
Bassam Tibi......Page 248
3 Conclusion......Page 252
References......Page 253
Chapter 13: Conclusion......Page 255
Reference......Page 259
Index......Page 260