Is there a right of freedom of expression?

Cover......Page 1
Half-title......Page 3
Series-title......Page 5
Title......Page 7
Copyright......Page 8
Contents......Page 9
Acknowledgments......Page 11
Introduction......Page 13
1 DEFINING HUMAN RIGHTS AND DELIMITING THE SCOPE OF FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION......Page 15
A. Human Rights as Moral Rights......Page 17
B. The Grounding of Human Rights......Page 19
A. Freedom of Expression and the Variety of Media of Expression......Page 21
B. Freedom of Expression as the Right of the Audience......Page 22
C. Freedom of Expression As Implicated By the Purposes Behind, Rather Than the Effects of, Suppression......Page 23
D. The Core of Any Conception of Freedom of Expression: Evaluative Neutrality......Page 25
I. The  Ubiquity of Track Two......Page 27
II. Weighing the Value of Messages Against the Value of Content-Neutral Regulations......Page 34
A. Balancing Speech Interests Against Non-Speech Values Served by Incidental Regulations......Page 35
B. The Implication of the Failure of Balancing......Page 47
I. The Various Venues of Governmental Purpose......Page 52
II. But Still, Why Do We Care About Purpose?......Page 54
III. Moral Permissibility as a Product of Effects Over Time, Not Momentary Effects......Page 55
IV. Rules and Optionality......Page 56
V. Optionality and Switching......Page 58
VI. Optionality and Legislative Motivation......Page 59
VII. Rules and Time......Page 61
VIII. Conclusion......Page 62
2 THE CORE OF FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION: GOVERNMENT REGULATIONS AND ACTS TAKEN TO AFFECT MESSAGES......Page 67
4 The Core of Freedom of Expression: Regulations of Conduct for the Purpose of Affecting Messages Received......Page 69
I. Content Regulations Where the Message Directly Causes Harm......Page 70
A. The Nonregulable Second Step......Page 80
B. The Regulable Second Step......Page 81
III. Principle (5) and MessageDriven Governmental Regulation: A Tentative Conclusion......Page 94
I. The Variety of Track Three Laws......Page 96
A. Comparing (8) and (7)......Page 98
B. Comparing (7) and (6)......Page 99
C. Comparing (6) and (5)......Page 101
D. Comparing (5) and (4)......Page 102
E   Comparing (4) and (3)......Page 103
F. Comparing (3) and (2)......Page 104
III. Some Unsuccessful Approaches to Track Three......Page 105
A. Public Fora Versus Nonpublic Fora......Page 106
B. Distinguishing Among  Subject Matter, Viewpoint, and Speaker Discrimination......Page 107
C. Guarding Against the Distortion of Views......Page 112
B. All Track Three Laws Violate Freedom of Expression......Page 114
C. No Track Three Laws Violate Freedom of Expression......Page 115
A. Public Employee Speech......Page 117
B. Public Employee Beliefs and    Affiliations......Page 121
II. The Protection of the Exercise of Freedom of Expression......Page 125
III. The Regulation of Broadcasting......Page 127
IV. Freedom of Expressive Association......Page 129
V. Anonymous Speech and the Privacy of Speakers......Page 132
VI. Private Regulation of Speech......Page 133
3 THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES ON FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION......Page 139
I Consequentialist Theories of Freedom of Expression......Page 141
A. The Promotion of Truth......Page 142
B. The Promotion of Autonomous Decisionmaking......Page 144
C. The Promotion of Virtue......Page 146
D. Do Consequentialist Theories Have the Right Shape for Justifying a Human Right of Freedom of Expression?......Page 147
II   Deontological Theories......Page 148
A. The General Theory......Page 150
B. Public Discourse Theory......Page 153
C. Limiting the Human Right of Freedom of Expression to Democracies......Page 158
V. Conclusion......Page 159
8 The Paradoxes of Liberalism and the Failure of Theories Justifying a Right of Freedom of Expression......Page 161
I. Liberalism, Epistemic Abstinence, and the Paradoxes of Evaluative Neutrality......Page 162
A. Liberalism and Illiberal Religions......Page 163
B. Liberalism, Freedom of Association, and Illiberal Groups......Page 178
II. Freedom of Expression: Replaying the Paradoxes of Liberalism and Epistemic Abstinence......Page 187
III. Beyond Liberalism: The General Paradox of Evaluative Neutrality and Normative Theory......Page 190
EPILOGUE......Page 197
9 Muddling Through: Freedom of Expression in the Absence of a Human Right......Page 199
I. Track Two Laws......Page 201
II. Track One Laws Concerning Messages That Cause Harm in One Step......Page 203
III. Track One Laws Concerning Messages That Cause Harm in Two Steps......Page 204
Index......Page 209