Ion exchange and solvent extraction: a series of advances. Volume 16

Ion Exchange and Solvent Extraction - A Series of Advances, Volume 16......Page 1
Preface......Page 3
Contributors to Volume 16......Page 7
Contents......Page 9
Contents of Other Volumes......Page 12
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 18
II. PREPARATION AND PROPERTIES OF ACTIVATED CARBON......Page 21
III. CHARACTERIZATION OF THE SURFACE CHEMICAL GROUPS IN ENGINEERED CARBONS......Page 37
IV. ACTIVATED CARBON FIBERS AND WOVEN CLOTHS......Page 49
V. SORPTION OF TRACE METALS ONTO ACTIVATED CARBON......Page 52
VI. SUMMARY OF METAL SORPTION......Page 73
VII. SORPTION OF HERBICIDES ON ACTIVATED CARBON AND HYPERCROSS-LINKED POLYMERS......Page 74
VIII. SUMMARY OF HERBICIDE SORPTION ON ACTIVATED CARBONS AND HYPERCROSS-LINKED POLYMERS......Page 94
IX. FUTURE TRENDS AND CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 95
REFERENCES......Page 98
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 102
II. NATURE OF SOLUTE?SORBENT AND SOLUTE?SOLVENT INTERACTIONS......Page 104
A. Aromatic Anions......Page 108
B. Ion Exchangers......Page 109
C. Column Runs......Page 110
A. Ion-Exchange Stoichiometry......Page 112
B. Fixed-Bed Column Runs......Page 115
C. Energetics of the Sorption Process......Page 118
E. Effect of Hydrophobicity of the Solute......Page 124
1. Reversal Effects of Cosolvents......Page 128
2. Cosolvent Effects Versus Lewis Acidity and Basicity......Page 129
V. CONCLUSIONS......Page 133
REFERENCES......Page 134
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 136
II. MAIN FEATURES OF THE IXISS TECHNIQUE......Page 137
III. AREAS OF POTENTIAL APPLICATION OF THE IXISS EFFECT?WASTELESS ION-EXCHANGE PROCESSES......Page 139
IV. IXISS OF ZWITTERLYTE SOLUTIONS......Page 142
A. Ion-Exchange Equilibrium in Glutamic Acid?NaCl Systems......Page 144
B. Stability of Amino Acid Supersaturated Solutions Obtained by IXISS......Page 150
C. Mechanism of Stabilization of Amino Acid Supersaturated Solutions in IXISS......Page 154
A. Superequivalent Sorption of Zwitterlytes......Page 155
B. Potentiometry and Laser-Acoustic Spectroscopy of Ion-Exchange Systems Including Zwitterlytes......Page 161
C. Identifcation of IXISS-Active Amino Acids......Page 174
A. Purifcation of Glutamic Acid from Mineral Salt Admixtures in Countercurrent Columns......Page 177
B. Purifcation of l-Glutamic Acid from a Racemate Admixture......Page 179
A. General Premises and Background......Page 182
B. In.uence of the Surface Layer of Colloid Particles on the Kinetics of Ion Exchange......Page 186
C. Mathematical Model of Dynamics of Ion Exchange in Supersaturated Solutions and Colloid Systems......Page 190
D. IXISS-Based Synthesis of New Inorganic Compounds......Page 193
VIII. IXISS-BASED GREEN ION EXCHANGE TECHNOLOGIES......Page 196
A. Ion-Exchange Synthesis of Chlorine-Free Potassium Fertilizers......Page 197
B. Recovery of High-Purity Magnesium Compounds from Seawater......Page 200
C. Self-Sustaining Process for Decalcination of Mineralized Waters......Page 206
D. Combined IXISS?Dual Temperature Processes. Ion-Exchange Synthesis of Potassium Hydroxide......Page 214
IX. CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 220
REFERENCES......Page 222
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 228
A. General......Page 229
1. Cation Exchangers......Page 230
2. Weakly Basic Anion Exchangers......Page 231
A. General......Page 233
B. Application of Strongly Acidic Cation Exchangers......Page 234
C. Application of Weakly Basic Anion Exchangers......Page 236
B. Installations......Page 239
C. Development of Separation Experiments......Page 241
2. Optimum Amount of Complexing Agent......Page 242
3. Appropriate Amount of Ion Exchanger......Page 244
1. Systems with Copper......Page 246
2. Systems Without Copper......Page 249
1. System with Three Divalent Ions......Page 250
E. Mathematical Simulation of the Separation......Page 257
1. Complexing Agents and pH Values......Page 261
2. Influence of the Amount of Complexing Agent......Page 263
3. Influence of the Amount and Type of Ion Exchanger......Page 265
2. Influence of the Lower pH Value......Page 266
3. Influence of the Relative Amount of Ion Exchanger......Page 267
4. Influence of Contact Time......Page 268
1. General......Page 271
2. Separation in the Indirect Mode......Page 273
4. Repeated Replacement of One Half-Volume......Page 274
VII. SUMMARY AND OUTLOOK......Page 278
REFERENCES......Page 280
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 283
A. The Ion-Exchange Process......Page 284
C. Definition of Selectivity for Ion-Exchange Reactions......Page 285
E. Resin Selection, Structure, and Characterization......Page 287
A. Binary Isotherm Experiments......Page 290
B. Perchlorate?Chloride Binary Isotherm Procedure......Page 291
1. Effect of Resin Matrix on Selectivity......Page 301
2. Effect of Percent Cross-Linking and Porosity on Selectivity......Page 303
3. Effect of Functional Group on Perchlorate Selectivity......Page 305
4. Kinetics of Perchlorate Uptake......Page 306
B. Thermodynamics of Perchlorate?Chloride Exchange......Page 308
C. Computer Prediction of Column Performance......Page 311
1. Effect of Salt Concentration on Regeneration of Polyacrylic Resin......Page 312
2. Comparison of Regeneration of Polyacrylic and Polystyrene Resins......Page 314
3. Temperature Effect on Polystyrene Regeneration......Page 316
4. EMCT Elution Curves......Page 317
1. Complete Exhaustion=Regeneration......Page 318
3. Effect of Feedwater Composition......Page 321
4. Partial Exhaustion=Regeneration of Polyacrylic Gel Resin......Page 324
5. Partial Exhaustion=Regeneration of Polystyrene Resin......Page 331
6. Simulation of a Nitrate and Perchlorate Removal Process......Page 335
1. Bench-Scale Experiments......Page 342
2. Computer Model Con.rmation......Page 343
IV. PROCESS RECOMMENDATIONS......Page 347
B. Effects of Matrix, Functional Group, and Cross-Linking......Page 349
E. EMCT Models for Ef.ciency of Complete Exhaustion/Regeneration......Page 350
G. IXPRO Modeling of Partial Exhaustion=Regeneration......Page 351
REFERENCES......Page 352
B. The Role of Ion Exchange in UPW......Page 355
C. Unique Challenges in UPW Applications......Page 357
II. MASS TRANSFER COEFFICIENT?A METHOD TO EVALUATE RESIN EFFECTIVENESS......Page 360
B. Resin Fouling Mechanisms......Page 361
C. Correlations for Experimental and Empirical MTC Values......Page 363
D. Review of the Experimental Methods Used to Obtain the MTC......Page 365
E. Interpretation of MTC Data......Page 367
A. Predictions at the Extremes of Concentration and Regeneration......Page 371
1. Equilibrium Models......Page 372
2. Rate Models......Page 373
C. Column Material Balance......Page 374
1. Film Diffusion?No Reaction in the Film......Page 376
4. Combined Film and Particle Diffusion......Page 378
E. Combining Rate Expressions and Column Material Balance......Page 379
F. Integration of Additional Modeling Features......Page 384
IV. CONCLUDING COMMENTS......Page 385
NOMENCLATURE......Page 386
REFERENCES......Page 388