Investigating Difference: Human and Cultural Relations in Criminal Justice

Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 2
Copyright Page......Page 3
Dedication......Page 4
Contents......Page 6
Foreword—Karen Pugliesi......Page 13
Preface......Page 14
Alternate Versions......Page 15
Acknowledgments......Page 16
Chapter 1 Introduction: Investigating Difference—Sarah Prior and Lynn Jones......Page 18
Third Edition Roadmap......Page 19
Chapter Overview......Page 20
Reference......Page 21
Some Notes on Terminology......Page 22
References......Page 24
Difference is Socially Constructed......Page 25
Difference Assumes a Norm or Standard That Reflects Power and Privilege......Page 29
Difference Matters......Page 30
Law Plays a Critical Role in Creating and Maintaining Difference; It Can Also Be Used to Ameliorate the Negative Consequences of Difference......Page 32
Differences and Their Consequences Can Be Changed......Page 34
Difference and the Pursuit of Justice in a Globalized World......Page 36
References......Page 37
Chapter Objectives......Page 39
Intersectionality of Identities......Page 40
Interlocking Oppressions......Page 42
Microaggressions......Page 44
Microaggressions in Everyday Life– Jenna Fejervary and Sarah Prior......Page 45
Racialization......Page 46
Privilege......Page 48
Reconstructing Intersectionality......Page 49
References......Page 50
The Advantages of Communication Competence......Page 52
Examples of Communication Competence in Criminal Justice......Page 53
Law Enforcement and Development Model of Intercultural Sensitivity (DMIS)–Marianne Nielsen and Rebecca Maniglia......Page 54
The Impact of Diversity on Communication......Page 55
Mentoring of Women in Law Enforcement– Dennis Catlin......Page 57
The Importance of Nonverbal Communication......Page 60
Critical Challenges to Communication......Page 62
Ethnocentrism......Page 63
Critical Skills for Competent Communications......Page 64
Communication Competence in Criminal Justice Organizations......Page 65
References......Page 66
Chapter Objectives......Page 68
Enter the Grassroots Specialty Court Movement......Page 70
Distinguishing Features of Specialty Courts......Page 71
Drug Courts: The First and Most Prevalent of the Specialty Courts......Page 72
Other Types of Specialty Courts......Page 74
Mental Health Courts (MHCs)......Page 75
Veterans Treatment Courts (VTCs)......Page 76
Domestic Violence Courts......Page 77
Alternative Dispute Resolution– Phoebe Morgan......Page 78
And Yet . . . the Unintended Consequences......Page 79
The Future of Specialty Courts......Page 80
References......Page 81
Part Two Categories of Difference: Gender and Sexuality......Page 84
Some Key Concepts......Page 86
Constructing Difference: Creating, Maintaining, and Enforcing Gender Difference......Page 88
Feminist Criminology and Theories About Gender Inequalities......Page 90
Gender and Criminal Offending......Page 93
Gender-Based Violence and Gendered Victimization......Page 95
Gender Inequalities and the Administration of Justice......Page 97
Gender and Justice Professions......Page 99
Globalization and Gender Injustices......Page 101
An Intersectional Approach to Climate Change– Nancy Wonders......Page 102
Creating Gender Justice......Page 104
Questions for Review......Page 105
References......Page 106
Chapter Objectives......Page 108
Constructing Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity......Page 109
The Status of Lgbtq Individuals in Criminology and Under Law......Page 112
Victimization: Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity, and Gender Expression......Page 116
Offending: Policing and Criminalizing Sexual Orientation and Gender Expression......Page 120
Justice Work and Sexual Orientation......Page 122
Transgender Individuals and the Criminal Justice System– Sarah Prior......Page 123
Questions for Review......Page 125
References......Page 126
Suggested Websites for More Information......Page 129
Chapter Objectives......Page 130
Understanding the Role of Difference in the Victimization Experience......Page 131
Biases Against Marginalized Groups in NCVS......Page 132
Violence Against Women Statistics......Page 134
Victimization Theories: A Focus On Gender and Power......Page 135
The Victim’s Role and Experience Within the System: Revictimization......Page 137
Compassion Fatigue and Self-Care Among Victim Advocates: Transcending Self-Sabotage Through Aggressive Self-Love– Myra Ferell-Womochil......Page 141
Contemporary Issue: Gendered Injustice in Campus Sexual Assault......Page 142
Victims’ Rights and Difference......Page 145
Questions for Review......Page 147
References......Page 148
Part Three Categories of Difference: Class and Race......Page 150
Chapter Objectives......Page 153
What Is Social Class?......Page 154
Why Do We Have Social Classes?......Page 158
Social Class and the Definition of Crime......Page 162
Social Class, Criminology, and Crime......Page 165
Social Class and Victimization......Page 169
Conclusion: Social Class and the Future of Justice......Page 170
Homelessness and the Criminal Justice System: Repaving the Path–Daniel Horn......Page 171
Questions for Review......Page 173
References......Page 174
Chapter Objectives......Page 178
Origins: History of Whiteness......Page 180
White Privilege: Facing Facts......Page 181
Excerpt from White Like Me: Reflections on Race from a Privileged Son, by Tim Wise, pp. xiii–xiv......Page 182
Whiteness and Offending......Page 183
Whiteness and Victimization......Page 185
Whiteness and System Professionals......Page 187
Courts......Page 188
White Privilege Revisited: A Systemic Perspective......Page 189
Questions for Review......Page 190
References......Page 191
Chapter Objectives......Page 192
Historical Context......Page 193
Native American Offenders......Page 196
Native American Victims of Crime......Page 198
Violence Against Women Act: More Revisions Needed for American Indian and Alaska Native Women– Linda Robyn......Page 199
State-Corporate Crime and Environmental Injustice on Native Lands– Linda Robyn......Page 201
Native American Service Providers......Page 202
References......Page 204
Considering the Consequences of Assumptions......Page 207
Re-examining the Consequences of Difference......Page 208
Historical Legal Context......Page 209
Contemporary Context (Post-Civil Rights Era)......Page 210
The “War on Drugs”......Page 211
Policing Practices......Page 212
Policing Practices Related to Offending Rates......Page 213
African Americans as Offenders......Page 214
Understanding African-American Offending......Page 215
Data on African-American Offending......Page 216
Understanding the Importance of Intersectionality as it Relates to the Punishment Strategies Applied to Young, African American Girl– Stephani Williams......Page 218
Hate Crime Victimization......Page 219
Innovation and Cooperation: Bridging the Police–Community Divide......Page 220
Conclusion......Page 222
References......Page 223
Chapter Objectives......Page 226
Gold Mountain, Transcontinental Railroad, Sugar Plantations, and Agricultural Farms: Early Wave of Asian Migration, 1848 to 1930......Page 227
Immigrants with Human and Social Capital Versus War Refugees: Post-1965 Asian Migration......Page 228
Institutionalizing Racial Discrimination: Asian Immigrants and U.S. Immigration and Citizenship......Page 229
“The Chinese Must Go!” A History of Asian Immigrants Encountering Violence and Hate Crimes......Page 231
“An Isolated Boy in a World of Strangers”: Asian Americans as Offenders......Page 233
Model Minority Myth– Lynn Jones......Page 234
“The Working Man’s Opportunity to Move Up the Ladder”: Asian Americans as Service Providers......Page 236
Questions for Review......Page 237
References......Page 238
Part Four Categories of Difference: Immigration and Race......Page 240
Introduction......Page 242
Colonial America (1620–1776)......Page 243
Post-Colonial America (1815–1850)......Page 244
Post-1920 to Present......Page 245
Political Rhetoric, Media Representations, and Anti-Immigrant Attitudes......Page 247
Crimmigration– Raymond Michalowski......Page 249
Criminal Immigrants......Page 251
Immigrants as Victims......Page 253
Questions for Review......Page 255
References......Page 256
Chapter Objectives......Page 258
Latino Demographics......Page 260
History......Page 261
Race, Space, and Belonging: The Battle for Ethnic Studies in Arizona–Grace Gamez......Page 263
Perpetrators......Page 265
Practitioners......Page 268
Questions for Review......Page 269
References......Page 270
Introduction......Page 273
Moral Panic......Page 275
Moral Panics as Ideology......Page 277
Perceived Immigrant Threats and Justice Policy– Lynn Jones......Page 278
A Discourse of Threat......Page 279
Immigration Policy......Page 282
Questions for Review......Page 285
References......Page 286
Part Five Categories of Difference: Forgotten Difference......Page 288
History of the Juvenile Justice Movement......Page 290
Juveniles as Offenders......Page 293
A Case for an Intersectional Approach to Criminal Justice: Gender-Specific Programming in Juvenile Justice– Lisa Tichavsky......Page 295
Juveniles as Victims......Page 296
Mental Health Issues......Page 297
Zero Tolerance Policies, Policing in Schools, and the School-to-Prison Pipeline......Page 298
Sexual Abuse-to-Prison Pipeline: New Issues of Gender......Page 299
Waiver to Adult Court and Mandatory Sentencing......Page 300
Juveniles as Service Providers......Page 301
Conclusion......Page 302
References......Page 303
Who Are the Elderly?......Page 305
Crimes Committed Against the Elderly......Page 306
Physical Abuse......Page 307
Neglect......Page 308
Crimes Committed By the Elderly/Elderly Offending......Page 309
The Impact of Aging and Infirm Inmates on the U.S. Prison System......Page 311
Summary......Page 314
References......Page 315
Introduction......Page 317
Disability, Labels, and Stigmatization......Page 318
Persons with Disabilities and Interpersonal Violence......Page 320
Criminalizing Disability: Persons with Disability and Structural Violence......Page 321
Individuals with Disabilities As Employees in the Criminal Justice System......Page 324
Future Directions for Disability Justice......Page 325
References......Page 326
Historical Background......Page 328
Religious Freedom......Page 329
Religious Groups......Page 330
Native Americans......Page 331
Islamophobia......Page 333
Antiabortion Movement......Page 334
Religiously Motivated Bias Against Individuals Who Are Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, or Queer (LGBTQ)......Page 335
Religious White Supremacy......Page 336
Religion Among the Incarcerated......Page 337
Questions for Review......Page 338
References......Page 339
Reference......Page 340
Chapter 21 Reconstructing Difference for Criminal Justice and Social Justice—Lynn Jones and Sarah Prior......Page 341
References......Page 344
Contributors......Page 346
Credits......Page 350
A......Page 354
C......Page 355
E......Page 356
I......Page 357
L......Page 358
N......Page 359
R......Page 360
S......Page 361
V......Page 362
Z......Page 363