Investigating Chemistry: A Forensic Science Perspective , Second Edition

Cover Page......Page 1
Half-Title Page......Page 3
Title Page......Page 5
Copyright Page......Page 6
Organization and Teaching Method......Page 11
Stronger Connections between Forensic Scienceand Chemical Concepts......Page 12
Other Refinements to the Second Edition......Page 13
Organization......Page 14
Investigating Chemistry Lab Manual, Second Edition (1-4292-2243-3, by David Collins, Brigham Young University–Idaho)......Page 16
Acknowledgments......Page 17
Table Of Contents......Page 7
Case Study: Whose Side Are They On?......Page 19
1.1: Welcome......Page 20
1.3: Physical Evidence: Matter and Its Forms......Page 21
1.4: The Periodic Table......Page 27
Evidence Analysis Thin-Layer Chromatography......Page 28
1.5: Learning the Language of Chemistry......Page 29
1.6: The Most Important Skill of a Forensic Scientist: Observation......Page 34
1.7: Critical Thinking and the Crime Scene: The Scientific Method......Page 35
Case Study: Grave Evidence......Page 43
2.1: Preserving Evidence: Reactions, Properties, and Changes......Page 44
2.2: Physical Evidence Collection: Mass, Weight, and Units......Page 46
2.3: Mathematics of Unit Conversions......Page 48
2.4: Errors and Estimates in Laboratory Measurements: Significant Figures......Page 51
2.5: Mathematics of Significant Figure Calculations......Page 54
2.6: Experimental Results: Accuracy and Precision......Page 55
2.7: How to Analyze Evidence: Density Measurements......Page 57
2.8: Mathematics of Density Measurements......Page 58
2.9: How to Analyze Glass and Soil: Using Physical Properties......Page 60
2.10: Case Study Finale: GRAVE EVIDENCE......Page 64
Case Study: To Burn or Not to Burn......Page 73
3.1: Origins of the Atomic Theory: Ancient Greek Philosophers......Page 74
3.2: Foundations of a Modern Atomic Theory......Page 75
3.3: Dalton’s Atomic Theory......Page 78
3.4: Atomic Structure: Subatomic Particles......Page 80
3.5: Nature’s Detectives: Isotopes......Page 83
3.6: Atomic Mass: Isotopic Abundanceand the Periodic Table......Page 86
3.7: Mathematics of Isotopic Abundance and Atomic Mass......Page 87
3.8: Atomic Structure: Electrons and Emission Spectra......Page 88
3.9: Mathematics of Light......Page 90
3.10: Atomic Structure: Electron Orbitals......Page 93
3.11: Electron Configurations......Page 96
3.12: Case Study Finale:TO BURN OR NOT TO BURN......Page 102
Case Study: Mind Games......Page 111
4.1: Chemical Nature of Evidence: Regions of the Periodic Table......Page 112
4.2: Types of Compounds: Covalent Compounds......Page 116
4.3: Types of Compounds: Ionic Compounds......Page 118
4.4: Common Names and Diatomic Elements......Page 128
4.5: Basics of Chemical Reactions......Page 130
4.6: Balancing Chemical Equations......Page 131
4.7: Mathematics of Chemical Reactions: Mole Calculations......Page 133
4.8: Mathematics of Chemical Reactions: Stoichiometry Calculations......Page 138
4.9: Types of Reactions......Page 140
4.10: Mathematics of Chemical Reactions: Limiting Reactants and Theoretical Yields......Page 143
Evidence Analysis Spectrophotometry......Page 146
4.11: Case Study Finale: MIND GAMES......Page 148
Case Study: No Motive, No Opportunity......Page 155
5.1: Nature of Covalent Bonds......Page 156
5.2: Lewis Structures of Ionic Compounds......Page 159
5.3: Lewis Structures of Covalent Compounds......Page 161
5.4: Resonance Structures......Page 164
5.5: VSEPR Theory......Page 165
5.6: Polarity of Bonds and Molecules......Page 169
5.7: Molecular Geometry of Drugs......Page 172
5.8: Drug Receptors and Brain Chemistry......Page 175
Evidence Analysis Immunoassay Methods......Page 177
5.9: Case Study Finale: NO MOTIVE, NO OPPORTUNITY......Page 179
Case Study: An Aqueous Apocalypse......Page 185
6.1: Aqueous Solutions......Page 186
6.2: Solution Properties......Page 187
6.3: Net Ionic Reactions......Page 189
6.4: Solubility......Page 192
6.5: Mathematics of Solutions: Concentration Calculations......Page 194
6.6: Acid Chemistry......Page 197
6.7: Base Chemistry......Page 199
6.8: Neutralization Reactions......Page 201
6.9: The pH Scale and Buffers......Page 202
6.10: Mathematics of Solutions: Calculating pH......Page 205
6.11: Case Study Finale: AN AQUEOUS APOCALYPSE......Page 208
Case Study: Something for the Pain......Page 217
7.1: Intermolecular Forces and Surface Tension......Page 219
7.2: Types of Intermolecular Forces......Page 221
7.3: Mixed Intermolecular Forces......Page 224
7.4: The Process of Dissolution......Page 226
7.5: Rate of Dissolving Soluble Compounds......Page 228
7.6: Colligative Properties: Boiling Point of Solutions......Page 229
7.7: Mathematics of Boiling Point Elevation......Page 232
7.8: Colligative Properties: Freezing Point of Solutions......Page 234
7.9: Mathematics of Freezing Point Depression......Page 236
7.10: Colligative Properties: Osmosis......Page 237
7.11: Mathematics of Osmotic Pressure......Page 239
Evidence Analysis HPLC......Page 240
7.12: Case Study Finale: SOMETHING FOR THE PAIN......Page 241
Case Study: The Experts Agreed......Page 249
8.1: Introduction to Organic Chemistry......Page 250
8.2: Alkanes......Page 252
8.3: Alkenes and Alkynes......Page 255
8.4: Branched Isomers......Page 258
8.5: Cyclic Compounds......Page 260
8.6: Ethers, Ketones, and Esters......Page 263
8.7: Amines......Page 268
8.8: Alcohols, Aldehydes, and Carboxylic Acids......Page 269
8.9: How to Extract Organic Compounds: Solubility and Acid–Base Properties......Page 273
Evidence Analysis Infrared Spectroscopy......Page 276
8.10: Case Study Finale: THE EXPERTS AGREED......Page 279
Case Study: “False and Unreliable”......Page 289
9.1: The Chemistry of Fire......Page 290
9.2: Combustion Reactions......Page 293
9.3: Redox Reactions......Page 297
9.4: Thermochemistry of Fire......Page 299
9.5: Heat Capacity and Phase Changes......Page 302
9.6: Mathematics of Heat Capacity......Page 306
9.7: The First Law of Thermodynamics and Calorimetry......Page 307
9.8: Mathematics of Calorimetry......Page 310
9.9: Petroleum Refinement......Page 312
Evidence Analysis Gas Chromatography......Page 314
9.10: Case Study Finale: “FALSE AND UNRELIABLE”......Page 316
Case Study: Tracing Explosives......Page 323
10.1: Explosives 101......Page 324
10.2: Redox Chemistry of Explosives......Page 326
10.3: Kinetic-Molecular Theory of Gases......Page 328
10.4: Gas Laws......Page 329
10.5: Mathematics of the Gas Laws......Page 336
10.6: The Combined and Ideal Gas Laws......Page 339
10.7: Mathematics of the Combined and Ideal Gas Laws......Page 341
10.8: Mathematics of Advanced Ideal Gas Law Problems......Page 342
10.9: Detection of Explosives: Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures......Page 344
10.10: Case Study Finale: TRACING EXPLOSIVES......Page 348
Case Study: Cold-Blooded Evidence......Page 357
11.1: Introduction to Chemical Kinetics......Page 358
11.2: Collision Theory......Page 359
11.3: Kinetics and Temperature......Page 363
11.4: Kinetics and Catalysts......Page 365
11.5: Zero-Order Reactions......Page 368
11.6: First-Order Reactions......Page 370
11.7: Half-Life......Page 371
11.8: Case Study Finale: COLD-BLOODED EVIDENCE......Page 373
Case Study: Eliminationby Irradiation......Page 377
12.1: The Discovery of Natural Radioactivity......Page 378
12.2: Radiation Types and Hazards......Page 380
12.3: Balancing Nuclear Equations......Page 384
12.4: Half-Lives and Risk Assessment......Page 385
12.5: Medical Applications of Nuclear Isotopes......Page 387
12.6: Forensic Application of Carbon-14......Page 391
12.7: Nuclear Power Plants......Page 392
12.8: Military Uses of Nuclear Isotopes......Page 396
12.9: Nuclear Transmutations......Page 398
12.10: Nuclear Terrorism......Page 399
Evidence Analysis Neutron Activation Analysis......Page 401
12.11: Case Study Finale: ELIMINATION BY IRRADIATION......Page 404
Case Study: A Mother-in-Law’s Justice......Page 409
13.1: Introduction to Poisons......Page 410
13.2: Chemical Equilibrium and Poisons......Page 412
13.3: Dynamic Equilibrium......Page 414
13.4: Values of the Equilibrium Constant......Page 417
13.5: Le Chatelier’s Principle......Page 420
13.6: Solubility Equilibrium......Page 424
13.7: Case Study Finale: A MOTHER-IN-LAW’S JUSTICE......Page 426
Case Study: Remembering 9-11......Page 431
14.1: Lipids: Fats, Waxes, and Oils......Page 432
14.2: Carbohydrates......Page 435
14.3: Proteins......Page 438
14.4: DNA Basics......Page 442
14.5: DNA Analysis......Page 446
14.7: Case Study Finale: REMEMBERING 9-11......Page 448
APPENDIX A......Page 453
APPENDIX B......Page 455
ANSWERS TO ODD-NUMBERED REVIEW QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS......Page 457
INDEX......Page 485