Invertebrate Surveys for Conservation

Cover......Page 1
Preface......Page 6
Contents......Page 10
Introduction......Page 14
Problems in studying invertebrates for conservation......Page 15
Expertise......Page 16
Visibility......Page 18
Ecological specialization......Page 19
Administrative barriers......Page 22
Practical approaches......Page 23
Further reading......Page 24
The species......Page 26
Species assemblages and local faunas......Page 29
Critical faunas......Page 30
Approaches to invertebrate surveys......Page 32
Definition of scope......Page 34
Setting priorities......Page 39
Rapid biodiversity assessment......Page 41
Background information to survey design......Page 44
Parasites: a special case......Page 50
Further reading......Page 51
Introduction to sampling methods......Page 52
Malaise traps......Page 54
Window traps or flight intercept traps......Page 57
Water traps or pan traps......Page 58
Bait traps......Page 59
Suction traps......Page 61
Light traps......Page 63
Traps and collecting devices for ground or vegetation-frequenting invertebrates......Page 64
Vacuum samplers......Page 65
Emergence traps......Page 67
Pitfall traps......Page 68
Soil corers......Page 70
Direct searching and collecting......Page 71
Sweep netting......Page 72
Beating......Page 73
Chemical knockdown......Page 74
Hand-collecting......Page 75
Extraction of specimens from soil and litter......Page 76
Tullgren and Berlese funnels......Page 77
The Kempson extractor......Page 79
The Winkler extractor......Page 80
Wet funnels: Baermann funnels......Page 81
Soil washing and flotation......Page 84
Elutriation......Page 85
Centrifugation......Page 86
Further reading......Page 88
Introduction......Page 90
Surber sampler......Page 91
Grabs......Page 92
Dredges......Page 94
Corers......Page 95
Suction samplers......Page 97
Trawls and sledges......Page 98
Direct searching and collecting......Page 100
Beach sampling......Page 102
Artificial substrates......Page 103
Examination of vegetation......Page 104
Open water samplers......Page 105
Plankton nets......Page 106
Electrofishing......Page 108
Coarse sediments — live material......Page 109
Fine sediments — live material......Page 110
Fine sediments — dead material......Page 111
Further reading......Page 112
Introduction......Page 114
Sampling sets......Page 120
Sampling bias: comparative studies......Page 124
Sampling protocols......Page 131
Terrestrial habitats......Page 133
Aquatic habitats......Page 135
Subsampling......Page 136
How much sampling is enough?......Page 142
Further reading......Page 146
Introduction......Page 147
Preservation and sorting in the field......Page 148
Laboratory sorting and identification of specimens......Page 150
Taxonomic need......Page 152
Levels of identification......Page 154
Sample processing: who does what?......Page 158
Preparing specimens for identification......Page 161
Specimen treatment......Page 162
Specimen tracking......Page 163
Data use and retrieval......Page 167
Voucher specimens......Page 170
Addressing the taxonomic impediment for invertebrates......Page 171
Further reading......Page 175
Needs for identification......Page 176
Selection of groups......Page 177
Priority groups......Page 180
Surrogates for species richness estimates......Page 183
Further reading......Page 186
Monitoring......Page 187
Estimating population size and recording distributions......Page 192
Habitat subsamples: transects and quadrats for direct counts......Page 193
Video recording......Page 197
Manta tows......Page 198
Mark-reiease-recapture methods......Page 202
Status evaluation for invertebrate species......Page 204
Rarity......Page 205
Status evaluation......Page 206
Integrating management for species......Page 209
Further reading......Page 211
Habitat protection......Page 212
Biological inventories......Page 213
Sample analysis and application......Page 215
Further reading......Page 219
Enlisting support......Page 220
Further reading......Page 225
References......Page 226
Index......Page 250