Invasive Species Management: A Handbook of Techniques (Techniques in Ecology and Conservation)

Contents......Page 12
Contributors......Page 22
1.2 Invasiveness and impacts......Page 24
1.3.2 National frameworks......Page 26
1.4 Pathways......Page 27
1.4.2 Accidental introductions......Page 28
1.4.3 Deliberate introductions......Page 30
1.5 Actions......Page 32
1.5.1 Pre-entry......Page 33
1.5.2 Entry (border)......Page 34
1.5.3 Emergency actions......Page 37
1.6 Summary......Page 39
1.7 Acknowledgements......Page 41
2.1 Introduction......Page 42
2.1.1 Why do we need a formal approach to invasive species risk assessment?......Page 43
2.1.2 Current state of risk assessment for biological invaders......Page 44
2.1.3 The ultimate risk assessment challenge......Page 45
2.2.1 Information on species traits......Page 46
2.2.2 Matching species traits to suitable habitats......Page 48
2.2.3 Estimating exposure......Page 50
2.2.4 Surveys of current distribution and abundance......Page 52
2.2.5 Understanding of data completeness......Page 53
2.2.7 Estimates of the potential rate of spread......Page 54
2.2.8 Probable risks, impacts, and costs......Page 55
2.2.10 Legal mandates and social considerations......Page 56
2.4 The challenge: to select priority species and priority sites......Page 57
2.5 Acknowledgements......Page 58
3.1 Introduction......Page 59
3.1.2 Definitions......Page 60
3.2 Early detection and rapid assessment......Page 61
3.3 Guiding principles for early detection and rapid assessment......Page 63
3.3.2 Global and regional invasive species databases......Page 64
3.4 Conclusions......Page 68
4.2 From scepticism to positive consideration......Page 70
4.3 Feasibility......Page 71
4.4 Advances in eradication of vertebrate pests......Page 73
4.5 Advances in eradication of weeds......Page 75
4.6.1 Eradication on mainlands......Page 78
4.6.3 Delimiting boundaries and detecting survivors and immigrants......Page 79
4.6.4 A particular problem with weeds—seed banks......Page 80
4.6.6 Institutional commitment......Page 81
4.7 Conclusions......Page 82
4.8 Acknowledgements......Page 83
5.1 Introduction......Page 84
5.2 Control and containment—strategies without an end-point......Page 85
5.2.2 Feasibility of containment......Page 86
5.2.4 To control or not to control......Page 88
5.3.2 Assemble knowledge of species’ biology, ecology, and responses to management......Page 90
5.3.4 Set priorities for species and places......Page 91
5.3.6 Take action early in the invasion process......Page 92
5.3.9 Exploit natural barriers to range expansion......Page 93
5.3.11 Acquire continuing commitment......Page 94
5.3.13 Monitor the consequences......Page 95
5.4.1 Containment of rubber vine in northern Australia......Page 96
5.4.3 Control of invasive mammalian predators in New Zealand......Page 97
5.4.4 Invasive pasture grasses in Australia......Page 98
5.6 Acknowledgements......Page 99
6.1 Introduction......Page 100
6.2 Why classical biological control is an appropriate tool for managing invasive species......Page 101
6.3.1 Early history and development......Page 102
6.3.2 Biological control projects against invasive species in natural ecosystems......Page 103
6.3.3 Success, failures, and the economics of biological control......Page 106
6.4.1 The characteristics of efficacious agents......Page 109
6.4.2 Issues related to ecological risks......Page 110
6.5 Constraints to the implementation of biological control......Page 114
6.6 Conclusions......Page 115
7.2.2 Compliance......Page 116
7.2.3 Effectiveness......Page 118
7.3 How to successfully involve the public......Page 122
7.4 Conclusions......Page 129
8.1 Introduction......Page 131
8.2 Scope and types of international instruments......Page 133
8.3.1 The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)......Page 135
8.3.2 The Convention on Wetlands (Ramsar)......Page 136
8.3.4 Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS)......Page 137
8.4.1 The International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) Code of Practice......Page 138
8.4.3 Other agreements......Page 139
8.5.2 Other regulations......Page 140
8.6.1 International Maritime Organization (IMO)......Page 141
8.7 Relationship with multilateral trading systems......Page 142
8.8 International instruments and approaches relevant to invasive species......Page 143
8.9 Relation between invasive species and sustainable development programmes......Page 144
8.10.4 Pacific Invasives Initiative......Page 145
8.11.1 The Global Invasive Species Programme (GISP)......Page 146
8.11.4 The Global Invasive Species Database (GISD) and Global Invasive Species Information Network (GISIN)......Page 147
8.12 Conclusions......Page 148
9.2 Classification of weeds and invasive plants......Page 149
9.3 Plant characteristics important in management......Page 150
9.4.1 Principles of prevention, eradication, containment, and control......Page 151
9.4.2 Physical methods of invasive plant control......Page 155
9.4.3 Cultural methods of invasive plant control......Page 159
9.4.5 Chemical control......Page 161
9.4.6 Integrated weed management......Page 162
10.2 Plant characteristics important in management......Page 164
10.3 Modes of introduction and spread......Page 168
10.4.2 Manual/mechanical control......Page 169
10.4.4 Biological control......Page 171
10.4.5 Integrated control......Page 174
10.5 Prevention, early detection, and rapid response......Page 175
11.1 Introduction......Page 176
11.2.1 The yellow crazy ant as a pantropical invader......Page 178
11.3 YCA invasion of Christmas Island......Page 179
11.3.1 The interim response......Page 180
11.3.2 The aerial control campaign......Page 184
11.3.3 Evaluation and lessons learned from the aerial campaign......Page 190
11.4 Conclusions......Page 193
11.5 Acknowledgements......Page 194
12.1 Introduction......Page 196
12.2 Tools to prevent new species arriving......Page 197
12.3.1 Detection tools......Page 198
12.3.3 Control tools......Page 199
12.4 Conclusions......Page 206
13.1 Introduction......Page 208
13.2 The role of humans......Page 209
13.3 Risk assessment......Page 210
13.6 Indigenous fish as invasive species......Page 211
13.7.2 Live fish importation and sale......Page 212
13.7.4 Aquaculture for food......Page 214
13.8.2 Response tools......Page 215
13.8.3 Case studies in the effectiveness of physical removal......Page 223
13.9 Conclusions......Page 226
14.1 Introduction......Page 228
14.2.1 Human-mediated invasion pathways......Page 230
14.2.2 Management of human-mediated pathways......Page 233
14.3 Post-border management......Page 234
14.3.1 Early detection and rapid response......Page 235
14.3.2 Response tools......Page 237
14.4 Discussion......Page 250
14.5 Acknowledgments......Page 254
15.1 Introduction......Page 255
15.2.2 When the alien species has a long lasting effect......Page 257
15.2.3 When the alien species interacts with other aliens......Page 258
15.3 Mitigating actions......Page 266
15.3.2 Exclosure experiments......Page 267
15.3.3 Control strategies......Page 268
15.4 Conclusions......Page 270
References......Page 272
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