Introductory circuit analysis

Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 2
Copyright Page......Page 3
Preface......Page 4
Acknowledgments......Page 5
Brief Contents......Page 8
Contents......Page 10
 1.1 The Electrical/Electronics Industry......Page 16
 1.2 A Brief History......Page 18
 1.3 Units of Measurement......Page 22
 1.4 Systems of Units......Page 24
 1.5 Significant Figures, Accuracy, and Rounding Off......Page 26
 1.6 Powers of Ten......Page 28
 1.7 Fixed-Point, Floating-Point, Scientific, and Engineering Notation......Page 31
 1.8 Conversion Between Levels of Powers of Ten......Page 33
 1.9 Conversion Within and Between Systems of Units......Page 35
 1.11 Conversion Tables......Page 37
 1.12 Calculators......Page 38
 1.13 Computer Analysis......Page 42
 2.2 Atoms and Their Structure......Page 48
 2.3 Voltage......Page 51
 2.4 Current......Page 54
 2.5 Voltage Sources......Page 57
 2.6 Ampere-Hour Rating......Page 67
 2.7 Battery Life Factors......Page 68
 2.8 Conductors and Insulators......Page 70
 2.10 Ammeters and Voltmeters......Page 71
 2.11 Applications......Page 74
 2.12 Computer Analysis......Page 79
 3.1 Introduction......Page 82
 3.2 Resistance: Circular Wires......Page 83
 3.3 Wire Tables......Page 86
 3.4 Temperature Effects......Page 89
 3.5 Types of Resistors......Page 92
 3.6 Color Coding and Standard Resistor Values......Page 97
 3.7 Conductance......Page 102
 3.8 Ohmmeters......Page 103
 3.9 Resistance: Metric Units......Page 104
 3.10 The Fourth Element—The Memristor......Page 106
 3.11 Superconductors......Page 107
 3.12 Thermistors......Page 109
 3.14 Varistors......Page 110
 3.15 Applications......Page 111
 4.2 Ohm’s Law......Page 120
 4.3 Plotting Ohm’s Law......Page 123
 4.4 Power......Page 126
 4.5 Energy......Page 128
 4.6 Efficiency......Page 132
 4.7 Circuit Breakers, GFCIs, and Fuses......Page 135
 4.8 Applications......Page 136
 4.9 Computer Analysis......Page 144
 5.1 Introduction......Page 158
 5.2 Series Resistors......Page 159
 5.3 Series Circuits......Page 162
 5.4 Power Distribution in a Series Circuit......Page 167
 5.5 Voltage Sources in Series......Page 168
 5.6 Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law......Page 170
 5.7 Voltage Division in a Series Circuit......Page 174
 5.8 Interchanging Series Elements......Page 178
 5.9 Notation......Page 179
 5.10 Ground Connection Awareness......Page 183
 5.11 Voltage Regulation and the Internal Resistance of Voltage Sources......Page 185
 5.12 Loading Effects of Instruments......Page 190
 5.13 Protoboards (Breadboards)......Page 192
 5.14 Applications......Page 193
 5.15 Computer Analysis......Page 198
 6.2 Parallel Resistors......Page 214
 6.3 Parallel Circuits......Page 224
 6.4 Power Distribution in a Parallel Circuit......Page 229
 6.5 Kirchhoff’s Current Law......Page 231
 6.6 Current Divider Rule......Page 235
 6.7 Voltage Sources in Parallel......Page 241
 6.8 Open and Short Circuits......Page 242
 6.9 Voltmeter Loading Effects......Page 245
 6.10 Summary Table......Page 247
 6.11 Troubleshooting Techniques......Page 248
 6.12 Protoboards (Breadboards)......Page 249
 6.13 Applications......Page 250
 6.14 Computer Analysis......Page 256
 7.2 Series-Parallel Networks......Page 270
 7.3 Reduce and Return Approach......Page 271
 7.4 Block Diagram Approach......Page 274
 7.5 Descriptive Examples......Page 277
 7.6 Ladder Networks......Page 284
 7.7 Voltage Divider Supply (Unloaded and Loaded)......Page 286
 7.8 Potentiometer Loading......Page 289
 7.9 Impact of Shorts and Open Circuits......Page 291
 7.10 Ammeter, Voltmeter, and Ohmmeter Design......Page 294
 7.11 Applications......Page 298
 7.12 Computer Analysis......Page 302
 8.1 Introduction......Page 312
 8.2 Current Sources......Page 313
 8.3 Branch-Current Analysis......Page 319
 8.4 Mesh Analysis (General Approach)......Page 325
 8.5 Mesh Analysis (Format Approach)......Page 331
 8.6 Nodal Analysis (General Approach)......Page 335
 8.7 Nodal Analysis (Format Approach)......Page 343
 8.8 Bridge Networks......Page 347
 8.9 Y Δ (T-π) and Δ-Y (π-T) Conversions......Page 350
 8.10 Applications......Page 356
 8.11 Computer Analysis......Page 362
 9.2 Superposition Theorem......Page 374
 9.3 Thévenin’s Theorem......Page 381
 9.4 Norton’s Theorem......Page 394
 9.5 Maximum Power Transfer Theorem......Page 398
 9.6 Millman’s Theorem......Page 407
 9.7 Substitution Theorem......Page 410
 9.8 Reciprocity Theorem......Page 412
 9.9 Computer Analysis......Page 413
 10.2 The Electric Field......Page 428
 10.3 Capacitance......Page 430
 10.4 Capacitors......Page 434
 10.5 Transients in Capacitive Networks: The Charging Phase......Page 446
 10.6 Transients in Capacitive Networks: The Discharging Phase......Page 455
 10.7 Initial Conditions......Page 461
 10.8 Instantaneous Values......Page 464
 10.9 Thévenin Equivalent: T = RThC......Page 465
 10.10 The Current iC......Page 468
 10.11 Capacitors in Series and in Parallel......Page 470
 10.13 Stray Capacitances......Page 474
 10.14 Applications......Page 475
 10.15 Computer Analysis......Page 480
 11.2 Magnetic Field......Page 494
 11.3 Inductance......Page 499
 11.4 Induced Voltage vL......Page 505
 11.5 R-L Transients: The Storage Phase......Page 507
 11.6 Initial Conditions......Page 510
 11.7 R-L Transients: The Release Phase......Page 512
 11.8 Thévenin Equivalent: T = L/RTh......Page 517
 11.9 Instantaneous Values......Page 519
 11.10 Average Induced Voltage: vLav......Page 520
 11.11 Inductors in Series and in Parallel......Page 522
 11.12 Steady-State Conditions......Page 523
 11.13 Energy Stored by an Inductor......Page 525
 11.14 Applications......Page 526
 11.15 Computer Analysis......Page 529
 12.2 Magnetic Field......Page 544
 12.4 Ohm’s Law for Magnetic Circuits......Page 545
 12.5 Magnetizing Force......Page 546
 12.6 Hysteresis......Page 547
 12.7 Ampère’s Circuital Law......Page 551
 12.9 Series Magnetic Circuits: Determining NI......Page 552
 12.10 Air Gaps......Page 556
 12.11 Series-Parallel Magnetic Circuits......Page 558
 12.12 Determining φ......Page 560
 12.13 Applications......Page 562
 13.1 Introduction......Page 570
 13.2 Sinusoidal ac Voltage Characteristics and Definitions......Page 571
 13.3 Frequency Spectrum......Page 574
 13.4 The Sinusoidal Waveform......Page 578
 13.5 General Format for the Sinusoidal Voltage or Current......Page 582
 13.6 Phase Relations......Page 585
 13.7 Average Value......Page 591
 13.8 Effective (rms) Values......Page 597
 13.9 Converters and Inverters......Page 603
 13.10 ac Meters and Instruments......Page 606
 13.11 Applications......Page 609
 13.12 Computer Analysis......Page 612
 14.1 Introduction......Page 622
 14.2 Response of Basic R, L, and C Elements to a Sinusoidal Voltage or Current......Page 625
 14.3 Frequency Response of the Basic Elements......Page 632
 14.4 Average Power and Power Factor......Page 638
 14.6 Rectangular Form......Page 644
 14.7 Polar Form......Page 645
 14.8 Conversion Between Forms......Page 646
 14.9 Mathematical Operations with Complex Numbers......Page 648
 14.10 Calculator Methods with Complex Numbers......Page 654
 14.11 Phasors......Page 656
 14.12 Computer Analysis......Page 663
 15.1 Introduction......Page 672
 15.2 Resistive Elements......Page 673
 15.3 Inductive Elements......Page 674
 15.4 Capacitive Elements......Page 676
 15.5 Impedance Diagram......Page 678
 15.6 Series Configuration......Page 679
 15.7 Voltage Divider Rule......Page 686
 15.8 Frequency Response for Series ac Circuits......Page 689
 15.10 Phase Measurements......Page 702
 15.11 Applications......Page 705
 15.12 Computer Analysis......Page 709
 16.2 Total Impedance......Page 722
 16.3 Total Admittance......Page 724
 16.4 Parallel ac Networks......Page 728
 16.6 Frequency Response of Parallel Elements......Page 735
 16.7 Summary: Parallel ac Networks......Page 745
 16.8 Equivalent Circuits......Page 746
 16.9 Applications......Page 750
 16.10 Computer Analysis......Page 754
 17.2 Illustrative Examples......Page 764
 17.3 Ladder Networks......Page 774
 17.4 Grounding......Page 775
 17.5 Applications......Page 778
 17.6 Computer Analysis......Page 781
 18.2 Independent Versus Dependent (Controlled) Sources......Page 794
 18.3 Source Conversions......Page 795
 18.4 Mesh Analysis......Page 798
 18.5 Nodal Analysis......Page 805
 18.6 Bridge Networks (ac)......Page 815
 18.7 Δ - Y, Y - Δ Conversions......Page 820
 18.8 Computer Analysis......Page 824
 19.2 Superposition Theorem......Page 836
 19.3 Thévenin’s Theorem......Page 844
 19.4 Norton’s Theorem......Page 856
 19.5 Maximum Power Transfer Theorem......Page 862
 19.6 Substitution, Reciprocity, and Millman’s Theorems......Page 866
 19.7 Application......Page 867
 19.8 Computer Analysis......Page 869
 20.2 General Equation......Page 884
 20.3 Resistive Circuit......Page 885
 20.4 Apparent Power......Page 887
 20.5 Inductive Circuit and Reactive Power......Page 889
 20.6 Capacitive Circuit......Page 892
 20.7 The Power Triangle......Page 894
 20.8 The Total P, Q, and S......Page 896
 20.9 Power-Factor Correction......Page 901
 20.11 Effective Resistance......Page 906
 20.12 Applications......Page 909
 20.13 Computer Analysis......Page 912
 21.1 Introduction......Page 922
 21.2 Series Resonant Circuit......Page 924
 21.3 The Quality Factor (Q)......Page 926
 21.4 ZT Versus Frequency......Page 928
 21.5 Selectivity......Page 930
 21.6 VR, VL, and VC......Page 932
 21.8 Summary......Page 934
 21.9 Examples (Series Resonance)......Page 935
 21.10 Parallel Resonant Circuit......Page 937
 21.11 Selectivity Curve for Parallel Resonant Circuits......Page 941
 21.12 Effect of Ql Q1 ≥10......Page 944
 21.13 Summary Table......Page 947
 21.14 Examples (Parallel Resonance)......Page 948
 21.15 Applications......Page 955
 21.16 Computer Analysis......Page 958
 22.1 Introduction......Page 970
 22.2 Properties of Logarithms......Page 975
 22.3 Decibels......Page 976
 22.4 Filters......Page 982
 22.5 R-C Low-Pass Filter......Page 983
 22.6 R-C High-Pass Filter......Page 988
 22.7 Band-Pass Filters......Page 991
 22.8 Band-Stop Filters......Page 995
 22.9 Double-Tuned Filter......Page 997
 22.10 Other Filter Configurations......Page 999
 22.11 Bode Plots......Page 1002
 22.12 Sketching the Bode Response......Page 1009
 22.13 Low-Pass Filter with Limited Attenuation......Page 1014
 22.14 High-Pass Filter with Limited Attenuation......Page 1018
 22.15 Additional Properties of Bode Plots......Page 1023
 22.16 Crossover Networks......Page 1030
 22.17 Applications......Page 1031
 22.18 Computer Analysis......Page 1037
 23.2 Mutual Inductance......Page 1048
 23.3 The Iron-Core Transformer......Page 1051
 23.4 Reflected Impedance and Power......Page 1055
 23.5 Impedance Matching, Isolation, and Displacement......Page 1057
 23.6 Equivalent Circuit (Iron-Core Transformer)......Page 1061
 23.7 Frequency Considerations......Page 1064
 23.8 Series Connection of Mutually Coupled Coils......Page 1065
 23.9 Air-Core Transformer......Page 1068
 23.10 Nameplate Data......Page 1071
 23.11 Types of Transformers......Page 1072
 23.12 Tapped and Multiple-Load Transformers......Page 1074
 23.13 Networks with Magnetically Coupled Coils......Page 1075
 23.14 Current Transformers......Page 1076
 23.15 Applications......Page 1077
 23.16 Computer Analysis......Page 1085
 24.1 Introduction......Page 1092
 24.2 Three-Phase Generator......Page 1093
 24.3 Y-Connected Generator......Page 1094
 24.4 Phase Sequence (Y-Connected Generator)......Page 1096
 24.5 Y-Connected Generator with a Y-Connected Load......Page 1098
 24.6 Y - Δ System......Page 1100
 24.7 Δ - Connected Generator......Page 1102
 24.9 Δ - Δ, Δ - Y Three-Phase Systems......Page 1103
 24.10 Power......Page 1105
 24.11 Three-Wattmeter Method......Page 1111
 24.12 Two-Wattmeter Method......Page 1112
 24.13 Unbalanced, Three-Phase, Four-Wire, Y-Connected Load......Page 1115
 24.14 Unbalanced, Three-Phase, Three-Wire, Y-Connected Load......Page 1117
 24.15 Residential and Industrial Service Distribution Systems......Page 1120
 25.2 Ideal Versus Actual......Page 1132
 25.3 Pulse Repetition Rate and Duty Cycle......Page 1136
 25.4 Average Value......Page 1139
 25.5 Transient R-C Networks......Page 1140
 25.6 R-C Response to Square-Wave Inputs......Page 1142
 25.7 Oscilloscope Attenuator and Compensating Probe......Page 1149
 25.8 Application......Page 1150
 25.9 Computer Analysis......Page 1153
 26.1 Introduction......Page 1160
 26.2 Fourier Series......Page 1161
 26.3 Fourier Expansion of a Square Wave......Page 1168
 26.4 Fourier Expansion of a Half-Wave Rectified Waveform......Page 1170
 26.5 Fourier Spectrum......Page 1171
 26.6 Circuit Response to a Nonsinusoidal Input......Page 1172
 26.7 Addition and Subtraction of Nonsinusoidal Waveforms......Page 1178
 26.8 Computer Analysis......Page 1179
Appendixes......Page 1186
 Appendix A Conversion Factors......Page 1187
 Appendix B Determinants......Page 1190
 Appendix C Greek Alphabet......Page 1198
 Appendix D Magnetic Parameter Conversions......Page 1199
 Appendix E Maximum Power Transfer Conditions......Page 1200
 Appendix F Answers to Selected Odd-Numbered Problems......Page 1202
 A......Page 1211
 C......Page 1212
 F......Page 1213
 K......Page 1214
 N......Page 1215
 P......Page 1216
 R......Page 1217
 S......Page 1218
 V......Page 1219
 Y......Page 1220