Introductory Chemistry: An Atoms First Approach

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
About the Authors
Brief Contents
Contents
1 ATOMS AND ELEMENTS
	1.1 The Study of Chemistry
		Why Learn Chemistry?
		The Scientific Method
	1.2 Atoms First
	1.3 Subatomic Particles and the Nuclear Model of the Atom
	1.4 Elements and the Periodic Table
		Elements in the Human Body
		Helium
	1.5 Organization of the Periodic Table
		Elements in Earth’s Crust
	1.6 Isotopes
		Mass Spectrometry
	1.7 Atomic Mass
		Iron-Fortified Cereal
2 ELECTRONS AND THE PERIODIC TABLE
	2.1 The Nature of Light
		Laser Pointers
	2.2 The Bohr Atom
		Visualizing Chemistry – Bohr Atom
		Fireworks
		The Photoelectric Effect
	2.3 Atomic Orbitals
		s orbitals
		p orbitals
		d and f orbitals
	2.4 Electron Configurations
	2.5 Electron Configurations and the Periodic Table
	2.6 Periodic Trends
	2.7 Ions: The Loss and Gain of Electrons
		Electron Configuration of Ions
		Lewis Dot Symbols of Ions
3 COMPOUNDS AND CHEMICAL BONDS
	3.1 Matter: Classification and Properties
		States of Matter
		Mixtures
		Properties of Matter
	3.2 Ionic Bonding and Binary Ionic Compounds
	3.3 Naming Ions and Binary Ionic Compounds
		Naming Atomic Cations
		Naming Atomic Anions
		Naming Binary Ionic Compounds
	3.4 Covalent Bonding and Molecules
		Covalent Bonding
		Molecules
		Molecular Formulas
		Fixed Nitrogen in Fertilizers
	3.5 Naming Binary Molecular Compounds
	3.6 Covalent Bonding in Ionic Species: Polyatomic Ions
		Product Labels
		Product Labels
		Hydrates
	3.7 Acids
	3.8 Substances in Review
		Visualizing Chemistry – Properties of Atoms
		Distinguishing Elements and Compounds
		Determining Whether a Compound Is Ionic or Molecular
		Naming Compounds
4 HOW CHEMISTS USE NUMBERS
	4.1 Units of Measurement
		Base Units
		Mass, Length, and Time
		Metric Multipliers
		Henrietta Swan Leavitt
		Temperature
		The Fahrenheit Temperature Scale
	4.2 Scientific Notation
		Very Large Numbers
		Very Small Numbers
		Using the Scientific Notation Function on Your Calculator
	4.3 Significant Figures
		Exact Numbers
		Measured Numbers
		Arthur Rosenfeld
		Calculations with Measured Numbers
	4.4 Unit Conversion
		Conversion Factors
		The Importance of Units
		Derived Units
		The International Unit
		Dimensional Analysis
	4.5 Success in Introductory Chemistry Class
5 THE MOLE AND CHEMICAL FORMULAS
	5.1 Counting Atoms by Weighing
		The Mole (The “Chemist’s Dozen”)
		Molar Mass
		Interconverting Mass, Moles, and Numbers of Atoms
	5.2 Counting Molecules by Weighing
		Calculating the Molar Mass of a Compound
		Interconverting Mass, Moles, and Numbers of Molecules (or Formula Units)
		Combining Multiple Conversions in a Single Calculation
		Redefining the Kilogram
		Derek Muller
	5.3 Mass Percent Composition
		Iodized Salt
	5.4 Using Mass Percent Composition to Determine Empirical Formula
		Fertilizer & Mass Percents
	5.5 Using Empirical Formula and Molar Mass to Determine Molecular Formula
6 MOLECULAR SHAPE
	6.1 Drawing Simple Lewis Structures
		Lewis Structures of Simple Molecules
		Lewis Structures of Molecules with a Central Atom
		Lewis Structures of Simple Polyatomic Ions
	6.2 Lewis Structures Continued
		Lewis Structures with Less Obvious Skeletal Structures
		Lewis Structures with Multiple Bonds
		Exceptions to the Octet Rule
		Bleaching, Disinfecting, and Decontamination
	6.3 Resonance Structures
	6.4 Molecular Shape
		Flavor, Molecular Shape, and Bond-Line Structures
		Bond Angles
		Molecular Shapes Resulting from Expanded Octets
	6.5 Electronegativity and Polarity
		Electronegativity
		Bond Polarity
		Molecular Polarity
		How Bond Dipoles Sum to Determine Molecular Polarity
	6.6 Intermolecular Forces
		Dipole-Dipole Forces
		Hydrogen Bonding
		Dispersion Forces
		Linus Pauling
		Intermolecular Forces in Review
7 SOLIDS, LIQUIDS, AND PHASE CHANGES
	7.1 General Properties of the Condensed Phases
	7.2 Types of Solids
		Ionic Solids
		Molecular Solids
		Atomic Solids
		Network Solids
		A Network Solid as Hard as Diamond
	7.3 Physical Properties of Solids
		Vapor Pressure
		Melting Point
	7.4 Physical Properties of Liquids
		Viscosity
		Surface Tension
		Surface Tension and the Shape of Water Drops
		Vapor Pressure
		Boiling Point
		High Altitude and High-Pressure Cooking
	7.5 Energy and Physical Changes
		Temperature Changes
		Solid-Liquid Phase Changes: Melting and Freezing
		Liquid-Gas Phase Changes: Vaporization and Condensation
		Solid-Gas Phase Changes: Sublimation
8 GASES
	8.1 Properties of Gases
		Gaseous Substances
		Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases
	8.2 Pressure
		Definition and Units of Pressure
		Measurement of Pressure
		Fritz Haber
	8.3 The Gas Equations
		The Ideal Gas Equation
		Pressure Exerted by a Column of Fluid
		The Combined Gas Equation
		The Molar Mass Gas Equation
	8.4 The Gas Laws
		Boyle’s Law: The Pressure-Volume Relationship
		Charles’s Law: The Temperature-Volume Relationship
		Automobile Air Bags and Charles’s Law
		Avogadro’s Law: The Moles-Volume Relationship
		Amanda Jones
	8.5 Gas Mixtures
		Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures
		Mole Fractions
			Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy
9 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOLUTIONS
	9.1 General Properties of Solutions
		Honey – A Supersaturated Solution
		Instant Hot Packs
	9.2 Aqueous Solubility
	9.3 Solution Concentration
		Percent by Mass
		Trace Concentrations
		Molarity
		Molality
		Comparison of Concentration Units
	9.4 Solution Composition
		Robert Cade, M.D.
	9.5 Solution Preparation
		Preparation of a Solution from a Solid
		Preparation of a More Dilute Solution from a Concentrated Solution
		Visualizing Chemistry – Preparing a Solution from a Solid
		Serial Dilution
	9.6 Colligative Properties
		Freezing-Point Depression
		Boiling-Point Elevation
		Ice Melters
		Osmotic Pressure
10 CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND CHEMICAL EQUATIONS
	10.1 Recognizing Chemical Reactions
	10.2 Representing Chemical Reactions with Chemical Equations
		Metals
		Nonmetals
		Noble Gases
		Metalloids
	10.3 Balancing Chemical Equations
		The Stoichiometry of Metabolism
	10.4 Types of Chemical Reactions
		Precipitation Reactions
		Acid-Base Reactions
		Oxygen Generators
		Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
		Antoine Lavoisier
		Dental Pain and Redox
	10.5 Chemical Reactions and Energy
	10.6 Chemical Reactions in Review
11 USING BALANCED CHEMICAL EQUATIONS
	11.1 Mole to Mole Conversions
	11.2 Mass to Mass Conversions
	11.3 Limitations on Reaction Yield
		Limiting Reactant
		Percent Yield
		Combustion Analysis
		Alka-Seltzer
	11.4 Aqueous Reactions
	11.5 Gases in Chemical Reactions
		Predicting the Volume of a Gaseous Product
		Calculating the Required Volume of a Gaseous Reactant
		Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac
	11.6 Chemical Reactions and Heat
12 ACIDS AND BASES
	12.1 Properties of Acids and Bases
		James Lind
	12.2 Definitions of Acids and Bases
		Arrhenius Acids and Bases
		Brønsted Acids and Bases
		Conjugate Acid-Base Pairs
	12.3 Water as an Acid; Water as a Base
	12.4 Strong Acids and Bases
	12.5 pH and pOH Scales
		Antacids and the pH Balance in Your Stomach
		Lake Natron
	12.6 Weak Acids and Bases
	12.7 Acid-Base Titrations
		Using Millimoles to Simplify Titration Calculations
	12.8 Buffers
13 EQUILIBRIUM
	13.1 Reaction Rates
		Visualizing Chemistry – Collision Theory
	13.2 Chemical Equilibrium
		How Do We Know That the Forward and Reverse Processes Are Ongoing in a System at Equilibrium?
	13.3 Equilibrium Constants
		Sweet Tea
		Calculating Equilibrium Constants
		Magnitude of the Equilibrium Constant
	13.4 Factors That Affect Equilibrium
		Hemoglobin Production at High Altitude
		Addition or Removal of a Substance
		Changes in Volume
		Changes in Temperature
14 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
	14.1 Why Carbon Is Different
	14.2 Hydrocarbons
		Alkanes
		Alkenes and Alkynes
		Reactions of Hydrocarbons
	14.3 Isomers
		Partially Hydrogenated Vegetable Oils
		Representing Organic Molecules with Bond-Line Structures
	14.4 Functional Groups
	14.5 Alcohols and Ethers
	14.6 Aldehydes and Ketones
		Percy Lavon Julian
	14.7 Carboxylic Acids and Esters
	14.8 Amines and Amides
	14.9 Polymers
15 BIOCHEMISTRY
	15.1 Biologically Important Molecules
		Glycerol
		Fatty Acids
		Amino Acids
		Marie Maynard Daly
		Sugars
		Phosphates
		Organic Bases
	15.2 Lipids
		Fats
		Phospholipids
		Steroids
	15.3 Proteins
		Primary Structure
		Secondary Structure
		Tertiary Structure
		Quaternary Structure
	15.4 Carbohydrates
		Monosaccharides
		Disaccharides
		Polysaccharides
	15.5 Nucleic Acids
16 NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY
	16.1 Radioactive Decay
	16.2 Detection of Radiation and Its Biological Effects
		Radioactivity in Tobacco
	16.3 Dating Using Radioactive Decay
	16.4 Medical Applications of Radioactivity
		How Nuclear Chemistry Is Used to Treat Cancer
	16.5 Nuclear Fission and Nuclear Fusion
		Visualizing Chemistry – Nuclear Fission and Fusion
			Lise Meitner
17 ELECTROCHEMISTRY
	17.1 Balancing Oxidation-Reduction Reactions Using the Half-Reaction Method
	17.2 Batteries
		Visualizing Chemistry – Construction of a Galvanic Cell
		Dry Cells and Alkaline Batteries
		Lead Storage Batteries
		Lithium-Ion Batteries
		Fuel Cells
	17.3 Corrosion
	17.4 Electrolysis
		Electrolysis of Molten Sodium Chloride
		Electrolysis of Water
Appendix: Mathematical Operations
Glossary
Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems
Index