Introduction to wastewater treatment processes

Front Cover
......Page 1
Introduction to Wastewater Treatment Processes
......Page 4
Copyright Page......Page 5
Table of Contents
......Page 6
Preface
......Page 10
1. Introduction
......Page 12
2. The Role of the Engineer in Water Pollution Abatement
......Page 13
3. Degrees of Wastewater Treatment and Water Quality Standards
......Page 19
4. Sources of Wastewaters
......Page 20
5. Economics of Wastewater Treatment and Economic Balance for Water Reuse......Page 21
6. Effect of Water Pollution on Environment and Biota......Page 25
8. Types of Water Supply and Classification of Water Contaminants......Page 33
References......Page 36
1. Measurement of Concentration of Contaminants in Wastewaters......Page 37
2. Measurement of Organic Content: Group 1—Oxygen Parameter Methods
......Page 38
3. Measurement of Organic Content: Group 2—Carbon Parameter Methods......Page 55
4. Mathematical Model for the BOD Curve
......Page 58
5. Determination of Parameters k and L0
......Page 59
7. Environmental Effects on the BOD Test
......Page 69
8. Nitrification......Page 70
9. Evaluation of Feasibility of Biological Treatment for an Industrial Wastewater......Page 72
10. Characteristics of Municipal Sewage
......Page 76
12. Statistical Correlation of Industrial Waste Survey Data......Page 77
Problems......Page 79
References......Page 80
1. Introduction......Page 81
3. Sedimentation......Page 82
4. Flotation......Page 118
5. Neutralization (and Equalization)......Page 125
Problems......Page 134
References......Page 136
CHAPTER 4. THEORY AND PRACTICE OF AERATION IN WASTEWATER TREATMENT......Page 137
1. Introduction......Page 138
3. Oxygen-Transfer Rate Equation......Page 139
4. Determination of the Overall Mass-Transfer Coefficient KLa by Unsteady State Aeration of Tap Water......Page 140
6. Unsteady State Aeration of Activated Sludge Liquor......Page 144
7. Steady State Determination of KLa for the Activated Sludge Liquor
......Page 145
9. Corrections for KLa and Oxygenation Capacity ( OC ) with Temperature and Pressure
......Page 146
10. Transfer Efficiency of Aeration Units......Page 148
11. Effect of Wastewater Characteristics on Oxygen Transfer......Page 149
14. Air Diffusion Units......Page 151
15. Turbine Aeration Units......Page 155
16. Surface Aeration Units......Page 160
Problems......Page 165
References......Page 167
CHAPTER 5. SECONDARY TREATMENT: THE ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS......Page 168
1. Introduction......Page 169
2. Mathematical Modeling of Activated Sludge Process......Page 174
3. Kinetics Relationships......Page 175
4. Material Balance Relationships......Page 180
5. Relationship for Optimum Settling Conditions of Sludge......Page 196
6. Experimental Determination of Parameters Needed for Design of Aerobic Biological Reactors......Page 200
7. Design Procedure for an Activated Sludge Plant......Page 216
8. The Michaelis–Menten Relationship
......Page 230
9. The Concept of Sludge Age......Page 237
10. Kinetics of Continuous Treatment Systems: Plug Flow, Complete Mix, and Arbitrary Flow Reactors......Page 241
Problems......Page 245
References......Page 246
CHAPTER 6. SECONDARY TREATMENT: OTHER AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC WASTEWATER TREATMENT PROCESSES
......Page 247
1. Introduction......Page 248
2. Extended Aeration (or Total Oxidation Process)......Page 249
3. Contact Stabilization......Page 255
4. Other Modifications of Conventional Activated Sludge Process: Step Aeration, Complete Mix Activated Sludge Process, and Tapered Aeration......Page 258
5. Aerated Lagoons......Page 260
6. Wastewater Stabilization Ponds......Page 270
7. Trickling Filters......Page 279
8. Anaerobic Treatment......Page 293
Problems......Page 304
References......Page 305
CHAPTER 7. SLUDGE TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL......Page 307
2. Aerobic and Anaerobic Digestion of Sludges......Page 308
3. Thickening of Sludges......Page 320
4. Dewatering of Sludges by Vacuum Filtration......Page 322
6. Centrifugation......Page 339
7. Bed Drying of Sludges......Page 340
8. Pre-dewatering Treatment of Sludges......Page 345
9. Sludge Disposal......Page 351
References......Page 352
CHAPTER 8. TERTIARY TREATMENT OF WASTEWATERS
......Page 354
2. Suspended Solids Removal......Page 355
3. Carbon Adsorption......Page 356
4. Ion Exchange......Page 370
5. Reverse Osmosis......Page 378
6. Electrodialysis......Page 396
7. Chemical Oxidation Processes (Chlorination and Ozonation)......Page 398
8. Nutrient Removal......Page 402
9. Sonozone Wastewater Purification Process......Page 408
Problems......Page 410
References......Page 411
Conversion Factors from English to Metric Units
......Page 412
Index......Page 414