Introduction to the Physics of the Cryosphere

PRELIMS.pdf
	Preface
	Acknowledgement
	Author biographies
		Melody Sandells
		Daniela Flocco
CH001.pdf
	Chapter 1 Observing the cryosphere
		1.1 Components of the cryosphere
		1.2 Importance of cryospheric knowledge
		1.3 Techniques for observing changes
		1.4 Deposition climate records
		1.5 Climate tipping points and the high latitudes
		References
CH002.pdf
	Chapter 2 Basic physics
		2.1 Thermodynamics of the cryosphere
		2.2 Conservation equations
		2.3 Radiative transfer theory
		2.4 Properties of ice
		References
CH003.pdf
	Chapter 3 Permafrost and periglacial environments
		3.1 Frost heave
		3.2 Temperature of the permafrost
		3.3 Periglacial landscape formation
		3.4 Sorting of stones
		3.5 Patterned ground on Mars
		3.6 Thawing of permafrost
		References
CH004.pdf
	Chapter 4 Snow
		4.1 Snow crystal formation
		4.2 Snowpack formation
		4.3 Metamorphism and densification
		4.4 Mass and energy balance modelling
		References
CH005.pdf
	Chapter 5 Land ice
		5.1 Definition and importance
		5.2 Glaciers
			5.2.1 Morphological aspects
			5.2.2 Thermodynamic and dynamic aspects of a glacier
		5.3 Where land and ocean meet: ice sheets and ice shelves
		5.4 Icebergs
		5.5 An overview of our ice sheets: Antarctica and Greenland
			5.5.1 Antarctica
			5.5.2 Greenland
		References
CH006.pdf
	Chapter 6 Sea ice
		6.1 Sea ice properties
		6.2 Ice formation
		6.3 Sea ice classification
		6.4 Sea ice modelling
		6.5 The importance of albedo: melt ponds, leads and polynyas
			6.5.1 Polynyas
			6.5.2 Leads
			6.5.3 Melt ponds
		References
CH007.pdf
	Chapter 7 High-latitude processes
		7.1 Oceans
			7.1.1 The importance of high-latitude processes
			7.1.2 The Atlantic meridional overturning circulation within the global thermohaline circulation or great conveyor belt
			7.1.3 Deep convection
			7.1.4 The AMOC: slowdown or shutdown?
		7.2 Ocean ventilation
		7.3 High-latitude meteorological indexes
			7.3.1 The North Atlantic Oscillation
			7.3.2 The Southern Annular Mode index
		7.4 The poles and the changing climate
			7.4.1 The Arctic
			7.4.2 Arctic sea ice and climate
			7.4.3 Antarctica and the Southern Ocean
			7.4.4 Description of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current
			7.4.5 Deepwater formation
			7.4.6 The ozone hole
		7.5 Polar lights: Aurora Borealis and Australis
		7.6 Ecology and sea ice
		References
CH008.pdf
	Chapter 8 Thoughts for the future
		References