Introduction to statistics and SPSS in psychology

Cover......Page 1
Contents......Page 6
About the author......Page 11
 Publisher’s acknowledgments......Page 12
Guided tour......Page 13
1 Introduction......Page 16
 Why do psychologists need to know about statistics?......Page 17
 How this book is laid out – what you can expect......Page 18
 Online resources......Page 24
 Learning objectives......Page 25
 Viewing options in SPSS......Page 26
 Defining variable parameters......Page 27
 Entering data......Page 33
 SPSS menus (and icons)......Page 34
 Extended learning task......Page 50
 Learning objectives......Page 52
 What is normal distribution?......Page 53
 Measuring normal distribution......Page 58
 Statistical assessment of normal distribution......Page 64
 Adjusting non-normal data......Page 72
 Sphericity of within-group variance......Page 76
 Extended learning task......Page 77
 Learning objectives......Page 78
 Statistical significance......Page 79
 Significance and hypotheses......Page 82
 Measuring statistical significance......Page 87
 Effect size......Page 96
 Measuring effect size and power using G*Power......Page 98
 Chapter summary......Page 102
 Extended learning task......Page 103
 Learning objectives......Page 104
 Conducting 'experiments' in psychology......Page 105
 Factors that determine the appropriate statistical test......Page 106
 Exploring differences......Page 111
 Examining relationships......Page 114
 Validity and reliability......Page 115
 Chapter summary......Page 116
 Extended learning task......Page 117
 Learning objectives......Page 118
 Theory and rationale......Page 119
 Pearson's correlation......Page 123
 Spearman's rank correlation......Page 133
 Kendall's Tau-b......Page 136
 Biserial (and point-biserial) correlation......Page 137
 Partial correlation......Page 140
 Semi-partial correlation......Page 146
 Chapter summary......Page 149
 Research example......Page 150
 Extended learning task......Page 151
 Learning objectives......Page 152
 What is a t-test?......Page 153
 Theory and rationale......Page 154
 How SPSS performs an independent t-test......Page 159
 Interpretation of output......Page 162
 Effect size and power......Page 163
 Writing up results......Page 164
 Presenting data graphically......Page 165
 Chapter summary......Page 167
 Extended learning task......Page 168
 Learning objectives......Page 170
 Theory and rationale......Page 171
 How SPSS performs the related t-test......Page 176
 Interpretation of output......Page 178
 Effect size and power......Page 179
 Presenting data graphically......Page 180
 Research example......Page 183
 Extended learning task......Page 184
 Learning objectives......Page 185
 Setting the scene: what is ANOVA?......Page 186
 Theory and rationale......Page 188
 How SPSS performs independent one-way ANOVA......Page 196
 Interpretation of output......Page 200
 Effect size and power......Page 204
 Presenting data graphically......Page 205
 Research example......Page 206
 Extended learning task......Page 207
 Learning objectives......Page 209
 Theory and rationale......Page 210
 How SPSS performs repeated-measures one-way ANOVA......Page 218
 Interpretation of output......Page 221
 Effect size and power......Page 226
 Writing up results......Page 227
 Presenting data graphically......Page 228
 Chapter summary......Page 230
 Research example......Page 231
 Extended learning task......Page 232
 Learning objectives......Page 233
 Theory and rationale......Page 234
 How SPSS performs independent multi-factorial ANOVA......Page 246
 Interpretation of output......Page 249
 Effect size and power......Page 253
 Writing up results......Page 254
 Chapter summary......Page 255
 Extended learning task......Page 256
 Appendix to Chapter 11: Exploring simple effects......Page 258
 Learning objectives......Page 262
 What is repeated-measures multi-factorial ANOVA?......Page 263
 Theory and rationale......Page 264
 How SPSS performs repeated-measures multi-factorial ANOVA......Page 270
 Effect size and power......Page 283
 Writing up results......Page 284
 Chapter summary......Page 291
 Research example......Page 292
 Extended learning task......Page 293
 Learning objectives......Page 294
 Theory and rationale......Page 295
 How SPSS performs mixed multi-factorial ANOVA......Page 306
 Effect size and power......Page 316
 Writing up results......Page 318
 Research example......Page 329
 Extended learning task......Page 330
 Learning objectives......Page 332
 What is MANOVA?......Page 333
 Theory and rationale......Page 334
 How SPSS performs MANOVA......Page 338
 Interpretation of output......Page 343
 Effect size and power......Page 347
 Presenting data graphically......Page 348
 Repeated-measures MANOVA......Page 349
 Theory and rationale......Page 350
 How SPSS performs repeated-measures MANOVA......Page 352
 Interpretation of output......Page 357
 Effect size and power......Page 364
 Writing up results......Page 366
 Chapter summary......Page 367
 Research example (MANOVA)......Page 368
 Research example (repeated-measures MANOVA)......Page 369
 Extended learning tasks......Page 370
 Appendix to Chapter 14: Manual calculations for MANOVA......Page 371
 Learning objectives......Page 377
 What is ANCOVA?......Page 378
 Theory and rationale......Page 380
 How SPSS performs ANCOVA......Page 385
 Effect size and power......Page 393
 Writing up results......Page 394
 MANCOVA: multivariate analysis of covariance......Page 395
 How SPSS performs MANCOVA......Page 397
 Chapter summary......Page 405
 Research examples......Page 406
 Extended learning tasks......Page 408
 Appendix to Chapter 15: Mathematics behind (univariate) ANCOVA......Page 409
 Learning objectives......Page 412
 What is linear regression?......Page 413
 Simple linear regression......Page 414
 Effect size and power......Page 423
 Multiple linear regression......Page 424
 How SPSS performs multiple linear regression......Page 433
 Chapter summary......Page 446
 Extended learning task......Page 447
 Appendix to Chapter 16: Calculating multiple linear regression manually......Page 449
 Learning objectives......Page 455
 Theory and rationale......Page 456
 How SPSS performs logistic regression......Page 463
 Chapter summary......Page 473
 Research example......Page 474
 Extended learning task......Page 475
 Learning objectives......Page 476
 Common issues in non-parametric tests......Page 477
 Mann–Whitney U test......Page 479
 How SPSS performs the Mann–Whitney U......Page 482
 Wilcoxon signed-rank test......Page 488
 How SPSS performs the Wilcoxon signed-rank test......Page 491
 Kruskal–Wallis test......Page 497
 How SPSS performs Kruskal–Wallis......Page 500
 Friedman's ANOVA......Page 507
 How SPSS performs Friedman's ANOVA......Page 510
 Chapter summary......Page 516
 Learning objectives......Page 518
 What are tests for categorical variables?......Page 519
 Theory and rationale......Page 520
 Measuring outcomes statistically......Page 525
 Categorical tests with more than two variables......Page 535
 Loglinear analysis when saturated model is rejected......Page 545
 Chapter summary......Page 548
 Extended learning task......Page 549
 Learning objectives......Page 551
 Theory and rationale......Page 552
 How SPSS performs principal components analysis......Page 562
 Writing up results......Page 572
 Chapter summary......Page 573
 Research example......Page 574
 Extended learning task......Page 575
 Learning objectives......Page 576
 Theory and rationale......Page 577
 How SPSS performs reliability analysis......Page 582
 Writing up results......Page 587
 Research example......Page 588
 Extended learning task......Page 589
Appendix 1: Normal distribution (z-score) table......Page 590
Appendix 2: t-distribution table......Page 593
Appendix 3: r-distribution table......Page 595
Appendix 4: F-distribution table......Page 597
Appendix 5: U-distribution table......Page 600
Appendix 6: Chi-square ( X[sup(2)]) distribution table......Page 601
References......Page 603
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 L......Page 610
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 N......Page 612
 P......Page 613
 R......Page 614
 S......Page 615
 U......Page 617
 Z......Page 618
 C......Page 619
 F......Page 620
 L......Page 621
 M......Page 622
 P......Page 623
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 T......Page 625
 Z......Page 626