Introduction to robotics in minimally invasive neurosurgery

Foreword
Foreword
Foreword
Foreword
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
Contributors
Introduction and History of Robotics in Neurosurgery
	1 Introduction
	2 The Evolution of Robotics in Stereotactic Surgery
	3 Robotics in Microsurgery
	4 Conclusions
	References
Robotics in Cerebrovascular and Endovascular Neurosurgery
	1 Introduction
	2 Classification of Medical Robots
	3 Development of Cerebrovascular and Neuroendovascular Robotic Technology
		3.1 Cerebral Angiography
		3.2 Mechanical Carotid Stent Insertion Systems
		3.3 Mechanical Coil Insertion Systems
		3.4 Robot-Assisted Operating Microscope
		3.5 Endoscopic Surgical Clipping
	4 Current Technology with Potential Neuroendovascular Applications
	5 Discussion
		5.1 Advantages
		5.2 Disadvantages
	6 Future Perspectives
	7 Conclusions
	References
Robotics in Stereotactic Neurosurgery
	1 Introduction
		1.1	 Early Robotic Stereotactic Systems
		1.2	 Current Robotic Stereotactic Systems
	2 Robot-Assisted Stereotactic Deep Brain Stimulation
		2.1	 Stereotactic Planning and Surgical Procedure
		2.2	 Accuracy and Time-Efficiency of Robot-Assisted Stereotactic DBS
	3 Robot-Assisted Stereotactic Diagnosis and Therapy for Epilepsy
		3.1	 Conventional Surgery for Epilepsy
		3.2	 Definition of the Epileptogenic Zone
		3.3	 Robot-Guided MRgLITT
	4 Robot-Assisted Stereotactic Brain Biopsy
		4.1	 Diagnostic Yield and Complications
	5 Perspective
	6 Conclusion
	References
Robotics in Neuroendoscopy
	1 Introduction
	2 Fields of Application of Cranial Neuroendoscopy
		2.1 Ventricular Neuroendoscopy
			2.1.1	 Hydrocephalus
			2.1.2	 Cyst and Intraventricular Tumors
			2.1.3	 Hypothalamic Hamartomas
		2.2 Endoscopic Transnasal Skull Base Surgery
			2.2.1	 Transsphenoidal Surgery in the Sellar Region
			2.2.2	 Transnasal Skull Base Surgery
		2.3 Neuroendoscopy-Assisted Cranial Microsurgery
	3 Robotics in Neuroendoscopy
		3.1 Robotics in Intraventricular Procedures
			3.1.1	 Supervisory-Controlled Robot Systems
			3.1.2	 Telesurgical (Master–Slave) Systems
			3.1.3	 Shared Control Systems
			3.1.4	 Continuum Robots
		3.2 Robotics in Endoscopic Transnasal Skull Base Surgery
			3.2.1	 Telemanipulation Mode and Cooperative Mode
			3.2.2	 Continuum Robotic Systems
			3.2.3	 Hybrid Robotic Systems
			3.2.4	 Clinical Applications in ESBS
		3.3 Robotics in Minimally Invasive Endoscopic Pediatric Neurosurgery
	4 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
	References
Robotics in Spinal Surgery
	1 Overview
	2 Devices
		2.1	 Mazor: SpineAssist
		2.2	 Mazor: Renaissance and Mazor X
		2.3	 ROSA: SPINE
		2.4	 Globus Medical: Excelsius GPS
		2.5	 Intuitive Surgical: da Vinci Surgical System
	3 Accuracy of Implant Placement
	4 Clinical Outcomes
	5 Radiation Exposure
	6 Cost–Benefit Analysis
	7 Conclusion
	References
Nanorobots in Neurosurgery
	1 Introduction
	2 Nanorobots for Precision Surgery
	3 Neuroscience Applications
	4 Brain–Machine Interface Applications
	5 Brain–Cloud Applications
	6 Clinical Trials in Neuro Oncology
	7 Limitations
	8 Ethical Considerations
	9 Conclusion
	References
Artificial Intelligence and the Internet of Things in the Neurosurgical Operating Theater
	1 Introduction
	2 Artificial Intelligence in Neurosurgery
		2.1	 Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and Automation in Neurosurgery
			2.1.1	 Non-interventional Applications
			2.1.2	 Interventional Applications
	3 Internet of Things (IoT) in Neurosurgery
		3.1	 The Concept of IoT
		3.2	 IoT Applications in Neurology and Neurosurgery
			3.2.1	 Operating Room-Related Applications
	4 The Smart Cyber Operating Theater (SCOT)
	5 Conclusion and Future Directions
	References
Surgeon-Supporting Robots
	1 Introduction
	2 Surgeon’s Arm Supporting Robot: iArmS
		2.1	 Motivation
		2.2	 Materials
		2.3	 Users’ Evaluation
			2.3.1	 Maneuverability
			2.3.2	 Fatigue
			2.3.3	 Demerits
	3 Archelis: Surgical Knee Rest
		3.1	 Motivation
		3.2	 Materials
		3.3	 Users’ Evaluation
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	References
Augmented and Virtual Reality Training Simulators for Robotic Neurosurgery
	1 Introduction
	2 Design of Augmented and Virtual Reality Simulators for Surgical Training
	3 Objective Metrics and Evaluation of AR- and VR-Based Surgical Training
	4 Future Directions
	5 Conclusion
	References
Future Directions of Robotics in Neurosurgery
	1 Introduction
	2 Industrial Robots
	3 Robots in Surgery
		3.1	 History of Robotic Surgery
		3.2	 FDA Evaluation and Regulation of Robotically-Assisted Surgical (RAS/RASD) Devices
		3.3	 Surgical Robots and Telemedicine
		3.4	 Application of Internet of Things (IoT) in Robotic Surgery
		3.5	 Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR) in Robotic Surgery
		3.6	 Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Deep Learning (DL) in Robotic Surgery
	4 Levels of Autonomy for Robotic Systems
	5 Future Directions for Neurosurgical Robots
		5.1	 Focus on Enhancing the Overall Accuracy and Efficacy of Target Acquisition
			5.1.1	 Robots for Stereotactic Brain Biopsy and Spinal Surgery
			5.1.2	 Robots in Intraoperative Imaging (CT/MRI)
			5.1.3	 Robotized LASER Ablation
		5.2	 Focus on Enhancing the Neurosurgeon’s Capabilities
			5.2.1	 Robots for Craniotomy
			5.2.2	 Robots for Interventional Neurosurgery
			5.2.3	 Robots for Endoscopic Endonasal Transsphenoidal Approach
		5.3	 Outlook for the Neurosurgical Robot
	6 Conclusion
	References