Introduction to Research in Education, 8th Edition

Front Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 4
Copyright......Page 5
Contents......Page 8
Preface......Page 16
INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES......Page 20
SOURCES OF KNOWLEDGE......Page 21
OTHER ASPECTS OF SCIENCE......Page 31
THE NATURE OF RESEARCH......Page 38
SUMMARY......Page 39
INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES......Page 41
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH......Page 45
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH......Page 48
TYPICAL STAGES IN RESEARCH......Page 50
QUESTIONS THAT EDUCATIONAL RESEARCHERS ASK......Page 52
BASIC AND APPLIED RESEARCH......Page 53
LANGUAGE OF RESEARCH......Page 54
SUMMARY......Page 58
INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES......Page 62
SOURCES OF PROBLEMS......Page 63
EVALUATING THE PROBLEM......Page 68
STATING THE RESEARCH PROBLEM......Page 71
IDENTIFYING POPULATION AND VARIABLES......Page 72
SUMMARY......Page 76
INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES......Page 80
THE ROLE OF RELATED LITERATURE IN QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH......Page 81
THE ROLE OF RELATED LITERATURE IN QUALITATIVE AND MIXED METHODS RESEARCH......Page 82
EFFICIENT LOCATION OF RELATED LITERATURE......Page 83
THE NECESSITY OF MASTERING ONLINE DATABASE SEARCHING......Page 93
THE INTERNET......Page 94
ORGANIZING THE RELATED LITERATURE......Page 96
SUMMARY......Page 97
INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES......Page 100
PURPOSES OF THE HYPOTHESIS IN QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH......Page 101
SUGGESTIONS FOR DERIVING HYPOTHESES......Page 103
CHARACTERISTICS OF A USABLE HYPOTHESIS......Page 105
TYPES OF HYPOTHESES......Page 110
TESTING THE HYPOTHESIS......Page 111
THE QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH PLAN......Page 113
SUMMARY......Page 115
INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES......Page 119
SCALES OF MEASUREMENT......Page 120
ORGANIZING RESEARCH DATA......Page 124
MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY......Page 127
MEASURES OF VARIABILITY......Page 132
MEASURES OF RELATIVE POSITION......Page 137
THE NORMAL CURVE......Page 142
CORRELATION......Page 146
EFFECT SIZE......Page 155
META-ANALYSIS......Page 157
USING THE COMPUTER FOR DATA ANALYSIS......Page 159
SUMMARY......Page 160
INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES......Page 166
SAMPLING......Page 167
THE STRATEGY OF INFERENTIAL STATISTICS......Page 181
THE GENERAL STRATEGY OF STATISTICAL TESTS......Page 190
SUMMARY......Page 211
INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES......Page 218
TESTS......Page 220
MEASURES OF PERSONALITY......Page 226
SCALES......Page 227
DIRECT OBSERVATION......Page 235
DATA COLLECTION IN QUALITATIVE RESEARCH......Page 239
SUMMARY......Page 240
INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES......Page 243
VALIDITY......Page 244
RELIABILITY......Page 255
VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY COMPARED......Page 275
SUMMARY......Page 277
INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES......Page 284
CHARACTERISTICS OF EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH......Page 286
EXPERIMENTAL COMPARISON......Page 289
VALIDITY OF RESEARCH DESIGNS......Page 290
DEALING WITH THREATS TO INTERNAL VALIDITY......Page 302
CONSTRUCT VALIDITY OF EXPERIMENTS......Page 309
EXTERNAL VALIDITY OF EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS......Page 311
RELATIONSHIPS AMONG THE TYPES OF VALIDITY......Page 314
SUMMARY......Page 315
INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES......Page 320
CLASSIFYING EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS......Page 321
SUMMARY......Page 347
INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES......Page 350
PLANNING AN EX POST FACTO RESEARCH STUDY......Page 353
PARTIAL CONTROL IN EX POST FACTO RESEARCH......Page 359
THE ROLE OF EX POST FACTO RESEARCH......Page 363
SUMMARY......Page 364
INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES......Page 368
USES OF CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH......Page 370
DESIGN OF CORRELATIONAL STUDIES......Page 371
CORRELATION COEFFICIENTS......Page 372
CONSIDERATIONS FOR INTERPRETING A CORRELATION COEFFICIENT......Page 374
FACTOR ANALYSIS......Page 380
OTHER COMPLEX CORRELATIONAL PROCEDURES......Page 383
SUMMARY......Page 384
INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES......Page 390
TYPES OF SURVEYS......Page 392
SURVEY TECHNIQUE......Page 397
STANDARD ERROR OF THE SAMPLING PROPORTION......Page 406
CONSTRUCTING THE INSTRUMENT......Page 410
USING A MAILED QUESTIONNAIRE......Page 417
MAXIMIZING RESPONSE RATES......Page 425
VALIDITY......Page 428
RELIABILITY......Page 429
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS IN SURVEYS......Page 430
SUMMARY......Page 433
INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES......Page 438
DISTINGUISHING QUALITATIVE INQUIRY FROM QUANTITATIVE INQUIRY......Page 439
MAJOR CHARACTERISTICS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH......Page 442
DESIGNING QUALITATIVE RESEARCH......Page 445
ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN QUALITATIVE RESEARCH......Page 462
SUMMARY......Page 465
INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES......Page 469
QUALITATIVE TAXONOMIES......Page 470
BASIC QUALITATIVE STUDIES......Page 472
CASE STUDIES......Page 473
CONTENT OR DOCUMENT ANALYSIS......Page 476
ETHNOGRAPHIC STUDIES......Page 478
GROUNDED THEORY STUDIES......Page 482
HISTORICAL STUDIES......Page 485
NARRATIVE RESEARCH......Page 487
PHENOMENOLOGICAL RESEARCH......Page 490
OTHER TYPES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH......Page 493
SUMMARY......Page 495
INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES......Page 499
ANALYZING QUALITATIVE DATA......Page 500
REPORTING QUALITATIVE RESEARCH......Page 510
TECHNOLOGY IN QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS......Page 513
RIGOR IN QUALITATIVE RESEARCH......Page 516
EVALUATING QUALITATIVE REPORTS......Page 524
SUMMARY......Page 527
INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES......Page 531
DEFINING ACTION RESEARCH......Page 532
THE ACTION RESEARCH PROCESS......Page 537
ACTION RESEARCH PROBLEMS......Page 539
DATA COLLECTION FOR ACTION RESEARCH......Page 544
RIGOR AND ETHICAL TREATMENT IN ACTION RESEARCH......Page 547
DATA ANALYSIS IN ACTION RESEARCH......Page 549
DATA INTERPRETATION IN ACTION RESEARCH......Page 551
ACTION PLAN......Page 553
REPORTING ACTION RESEARCH......Page 555
INCREASING USE OF ACTION RESEARCH IN EDUCATION......Page 557
RESOURCES FOR MORE INFORMATION......Page 559
ACTION RESEARCH EXAMPLE......Page 560
SUMMARY......Page 575
INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES......Page 577
DEFINING MIXED METHODS RESEARCH......Page 578
MIXED METHODS DESIGNS......Page 581
DATA ANALYSIS IN MIXED METHODS RESEARCH......Page 584
STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES OF MIXED METHODS RESEARCH......Page 586
AN EXAMPLE: MIXED METHODS SEQUENTIAL DESIGN......Page 587
SUMMARY......Page 590
INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES......Page 593
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH PROPOSAL......Page 594
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH PROPOSAL......Page 605
ETHICAL AND LEGAL CONSIDERATIONS......Page 609
SUMMARY......Page 618
INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES......Page 622
WRITING THE FINAL REPORT......Page 623
CHECKLIST FOR EVALUATING QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH REPORTS......Page 636
SUMMARY......Page 638
Appendix......Page 643
Glossary......Page 655
Index......Page 672