Introduction to relativistic heavy ion collisions

Preface......Page 15
The Quark Gluon Plasma......Page 17
New collective phenomena......Page 18
Intermediate energy reactions......Page 19
Ultra-relativistic heavy ion reactions......Page 20
Heavy ion experiments......Page 21
Event selection......Page 24
Physical event tape......Page 25
General features of heavy ion physics......Page 26
Nuclear physics......Page 27
Statistical physics......Page 29
Why a theoretical treatment is important?......Page 30
Outline of the book......Page 31
Assignment 1......Page 32
References......Page 33
Basic definitions of microscopic quantities......Page 37
Phase-space variables......Page 38
Properties of the rapidity......Page 40
Some typical rapidities......Page 41
Basic definitions of macroscopic quantities......Page 42
Energy-momentum tensor......Page 46
Hydrodynamic flow......Page 47
Local Rest frame: (LR)......Page 48
Other macroscopic quantities......Page 50
Decomposition of the energy-momentum tensor......Page 52
Normalization......Page 53
Transformation properties of f(x,p).......Page 54
Mixtures......Page 56
Assignment 2......Page 58
Solutions to Assignment 2......Page 59
References......Page 61
Particle conservation......Page 65
Collisions......Page 66
Non-relativistic limit......Page 68
An example for the solution......Page 70
Conservation laws......Page 74
Conservation of charge......Page 76
Conservation of energy and momentum......Page 77
Boltzmann H-theorem......Page 78
Zeroth order approximation......Page 80
Assignment 3......Page 82
References......Page 83
Equation of State......Page 89
Bulk nuclear matter......Page 90
Finite systems and fragment abundances......Page 103
The Nuclear EOS and Quark Gluon Plasma......Page 107
Hadronic Equation of State......Page 108
QGP Equation of State......Page 111
QGP phase transition and nuclear compressibility......Page 113
Dependence of phase transition on the nuclear EOS......Page 114
EOS from microscopic theory......Page 116
Momentum distribution......Page 118
The partition function......Page 119
Solutions to Assignment 4......Page 121
References......Page 123
Energy domains, stopping power......Page 129
Transparent reactions, mid rapidity region......Page 130
Perfect fluid dynamics......Page 131
Numerical solutions......Page 132
Equation of state......Page 133
Flow characteristics from numerical solutions......Page 134
Conclusions......Page 137
The Particle in Cell (PIC) method......Page 138
The Flux Corrected Transport algorithm (FCT)......Page 139
Simple analytic solutions---Shock waves......Page 140
Taub adiabat for finite particle densities......Page 143
Relativistic detonations......Page 147
Detonations to QGP......Page 151
Detonations in baryon free plasma......Page 154
Deflagrations from QGP (*)......Page 155
Solutions to Assignment 5......Page 161
References......Page 162
Applicability of simple models......Page 169
The Bjorken model......Page 171
Multiplicity estimate in ultra-relativistic collisions......Page 174
Inclusion of phase transition in the Bjorken model (*)......Page 175
Baryon recoil in the Bjorken model (*)......Page 180
Spherical expansion......Page 184
Fireball model......Page 186
Blast-wave model......Page 188
An approximate spherical solution......Page 190
Physical assumptions......Page 193
Quasi-analytic solution......Page 194
Numerical solution......Page 195
Assignment 6......Page 198
Solutions to Assignment 6......Page 199
References......Page 200
The freeze out process......Page 207
Formal treatment of the freeze out......Page 208
Rapidity distribution......Page 210
Collective Sidewards Flow......Page 211
Pion Measurables......Page 212
Boosting thermal distributions......Page 214
Spherical expansion......Page 217
Results of three dimensional calculations......Page 218
Fragment emission at the end of the flow......Page 219
Global flow analysis......Page 223
Global flow analysis in fluid dynamics......Page 227
Decomposition of the global flow tensor......Page 228
Transverse Flow Analysis......Page 235
Determination of the reaction plane (A)......Page 236
Self correlations (B)......Page 238
Assignment 7......Page 240
Solutions to Assignment 7......Page 241
References......Page 243
Similarity in classical fluid dynamics......Page 247
Application to heavy ion collisions......Page 249
Scaling properties of cross sections......Page 250
Global flow tensor......Page 253
Transverse Momentum Analysis......Page 255
Fragment flow and scaling......Page 256
Fragment flow - mass dependence (*)......Page 257
Scaling violation in transverse flow......Page 261
Disappearance of the transverse flow......Page 263
References......Page 265
Direct Solutions of Kinetic Theory......Page 269
Viscous Fluid Dynamics......Page 270
Entropy production......Page 271
Shock front profiles......Page 273
Multi Component Fluid Dynamics......Page 274
Solutions on microscopic level......Page 277
Mean field models: BUU - VUU - BN - LV......Page 278
Models of Molecular Dynamics......Page 279
References......Page 280
Introduction......Page 285
Theoretical expectations......Page 286
Experimental facilities......Page 287
Quarks and gluons......Page 288
Lattice QCD......Page 289
The lattice formalism......Page 292
The order of the phase transition......Page 294
The Equation of State......Page 295
Summary of present results......Page 297
Surface tension, viscosity and nucleation......Page 298
Nuclear stopping power......Page 299
Proton nucleus collisions......Page 300
Heavy ion collisions......Page 301
Stopping in theoretical models......Page 303
Reaction models......Page 304
Fluid dynamical results......Page 305
Microscopic string models......Page 307
On some suggested signals......Page 310
Strangeness and Anti-baryon enhancement......Page 312
Exotic signals......Page 313
References......Page 314
Neutron and hybrid stars......Page 321
Supernova explosions......Page 326
Implications on the early universe......Page 327
References......Page 328