Introduction to Quantitative EEG and Neurofeedback: Advanced Theory and Applications

Cover Page......Page 1
Copyright......Page 2
Preface......Page 3
Contributors......Page 5
Introduction......Page 7
QEEG and Neurofeedback: Basics and New Theory......Page 9
Introduction......Page 10
The sensorimotor rhythm and behavioral state......Page 11
Stimulation-based treatment......Page 12
A classification of neuromodulation technologies......Page 13
Stimulation-based technologies......Page 15
The evolution of standard reward and inhibit-based neurofeedback......Page 17
Resonant-frequency training......Page 20
An Attempt to Achieve Synthesis......Page 21
Alpha/theta and synchrony training......Page 27
General self-regulation and specific dysfunctions......Page 29
Summary and conclusion......Page 31
References......Page 33
Introduction......Page 35
Definitions of digital EEG and quantitative EEG (QEEG)......Page 36
Simultaneous digital EEG tracings and quantitative EEG......Page 37
Test–retest reliability of QEEG......Page 38
History of inclusion/exclusion criteria and “representative samples”......Page 39
History of sample size per age group......Page 40
History of age stratification vs. age regression......Page 41
History of gaussian distribution approximation and cross-validation......Page 42
History of the use of the Z-score and QEEG normative databases......Page 43
Cross-validations of normative databases: new york university and university of maryland......Page 45
History of amplifier matching and QEEG normative databases......Page 46
Neuropsychological correlations......Page 49
Example for traumatic brain injury......Page 51
History of three-dimensional current source normative databases......Page 52
History of three-dimensional source correlation normative databases......Page 54
History of real-time Z-score normative databases......Page 55
Active tasks vs. eyes closed and eyes open QEEG databases......Page 57
Summary of normative database validation and sensitivity tests......Page 58
Problems in combining sub-standard QEEG databases with scientifically acceptable databases......Page 59
Future standardization of QEEG normative databases......Page 60
References......Page 61
Advancing Neurofeedback Practice......Page 66
Diagnostic considerations—univariate versus multivariate measures......Page 67
Pharmaco-EEG......Page 71
QEEG—Therapeutic Applications in Neurofeedback......Page 72
Case DS......Page 73
Forensic Applications......Page 76
Case JR......Page 77
AVE therapy......Page 78
Case BM......Page 79
QEEG as a tool for monitoring other “experimental” interventions......Page 81
A comment about the future of QEEG-based Neurofeedback......Page 82
References......Page 83
Introduction......Page 86
Introduction to LORETA......Page 87
Utility of segmentation of EEG frequency bands by function......Page 88
Localization of  the cortical reflection of  voltage......Page 89
The location of frequency generators......Page 91
Interpretive examples......Page 97
Case example of Pre-Post neurofeedback training......Page 99
Advanced intervention—LORETA feedback......Page 102
Conclusions......Page 103
References......Page 104
Introduction......Page 106
Use of Gaussian probabilities to identify "de-regulation" in the brain......Page 111
Simplification and standardization......Page 112
Individualized EEG biofeedback protocols......Page 113
Instantaneous Z-scores Accessed from Inside of Neuroguide......Page 114
Implementation of the Z-score Biofeedback......Page 115
Z-scores and QEEG Normative Databases......Page 116
Standardization by amplifier matching and QEEG normative databases......Page 118
General method to produce a valid instantaneous Z-score EEG database......Page 119
Case Study 1: Jack......Page 121
Case Study 2: John......Page 126
Case Study 3: SL......Page 131
Eyes-closed condition......Page 132
Eyes-open condition......Page 136
Conclusions......Page 142
References......Page 143
Introduction......Page 145
The peniston protocol......Page 146
The effectiveness of alpha–theta neurotherapy......Page 148
Autopoiesis and the malleability of memory......Page 149
State-dependent memory and retrieval......Page 150
Causative properties of consciousness and arousal states......Page 151
Neural function in the effectiveness of alpha–theta neurotherapy......Page 152
Phase transition and alpha–theta’s effectiveness with trauma......Page 153
Importance of the patient–therapist relationship......Page 154
Summary of the effectiveness of alpha–theta neurofeedback......Page 155
A closer look at trauma disorder......Page 157
Resolving trauma with alpha–theta neurofeedback: A multi-modality model......Page 160
Resolving trauma using alpha–theta in a multi-modality context: A case study......Page 162
References......Page 166
Alternative Treatment Approaches to Neurofeedback......Page 169
HEG as a form of neurofeedback......Page 170
Details of nirHEG development......Page 171
Details of pirHEG development......Page 177
Cerebral blood flow dynamics from the PIR perspective......Page 179
Infrared thermography......Page 182
A new paradigm......Page 185
Human frontal lobes and behavioral pathology......Page 187
Basic HEG concepts......Page 189
Overall training guidelines for both HEG systems......Page 190
Frequently asked questions......Page 191
References......Page 193
Overview......Page 196
Evidence of sensory effects of AVE......Page 198
Physiological effects of AVE systems......Page 199
Harmonics as a function of entrainment......Page 201
Effects of audio-visual entrainment......Page 202
Dissociation/hypnotic induction......Page 204
Limbic stabilization......Page 205
Altered cerebral blood flow......Page 207
How AVE protocols (sessions) are designed......Page 208
Components of a session......Page 209
Session frequency ranges and types......Page 210
Beta 18–22 Hz......Page 211
Low beta/sensorimotor rhythm......Page 212
Alpha sessions......Page 213
Delta......Page 215
Special sessions for older adults......Page 217
Depression session......Page 218
Applying AVE with neurofeedback......Page 219
Conclusion......Page 220
References......Page 221
Introduction......Page 226
Brain music treatment as a therapeutic modality......Page 227
The brain music procedure......Page 228
Summary of BMT research and clinical findings......Page 229
Theoretical viewpoints......Page 232
The concept of entrainment......Page 234
BMT as entrainment......Page 235
Possibilities for the future of BMT......Page 237
References......Page 238
Recent Clinical Applications of Neurofeedback......Page 240
Introduction......Page 241
SUD prevalence and QEEG changes......Page 243
EEG in alcoholism......Page 244
EEG in cocaine addiction......Page 245
P300 abnormalities in cocaine, methamphetamine and heroin addiction, and alcoholism......Page 246
QEEG and ERP abnormalities in addiction: Psychopharmacological effects or trait markers?......Page 247
The Peniston protocol (alpha–theta feedback)......Page 248
Comorbidities of SUD and implications for individualized neurofeedback......Page 252
QEEG-guided neurotherapy......Page 253
Twelve-step programs......Page 254
Cognitive behavioral therapies......Page 255
Further research......Page 257
References......Page 260
Introduction......Page 268
Electrochemistry and the electroencephalogram......Page 269
American academy of neurology and quantitative EEG......Page 270
Definitions of Digital EEG and Quantitative EEG (QEEG)......Page 272
Simultaneous conventional EEG tracings and quantitative EEG......Page 273
Present use of QEEG for the evaluation of TBI......Page 275
Drowsiness and the effects of medication on QEEG......Page 276
Predictive validity of QEEG in the evaluation of TBI—Neuropsychological......Page 277
The use of fewer electrodes to evaluate the effects of TBI......Page 279
Examples of content validity of QEEG and TBI evaluation......Page 284
QEEG current source localization and TBI......Page 285
QEEG biofeedback......Page 287
Summary......Page 288
References......Page 289
Introduction......Page 294
Frontal EEG asymmetry and emotions......Page 295
Frontal EEG asymmetry and mood disorders......Page 296
Clinical use of asymmetry protocols for treatment of depression: Baehr/Rosenfeld studies......Page 297
Replication studies......Page 298
Procedures......Page 299
Longitudinal data......Page 300
Treatment of a bipolar patient......Page 301
Training Breath and Heart Rate Variability......Page 302
The Hammond depression protocol......Page 303
Summary and conclusions......Page 306
References......Page 307
Reactive attachment disorder: Case study......Page 313
An overview of attachment theory......Page 315
Adult attachment categories......Page 317
Allan Schore and the neurobiology of affect regulation......Page 318
Reactive attachment disorder and a history of treatment failure......Page 320
Neurofeedback and the treatment of reactive attachment disorder......Page 322
Protocols......Page 325
Negative effects......Page 326
Alpha–theta training......Page 327
FPO2 training......Page 329
The role of the therapist......Page 331
Conclusion......Page 332
References......Page 333
Introduction......Page 334
Etiologies......Page 336
Prevalence......Page 337
Interventions......Page 338
DSM-IV criteria......Page 341
History......Page 342
Theta/SMR and theta/beta approaches......Page 344
Assessment......Page 346
Setting up an individualized neurofeedback training program......Page 348
Evidence-based practice, research design, and combined treatments......Page 349
The international scene and future directions......Page 355
References......Page 357
Introduction......Page 362
Background......Page 363
Historical note......Page 364
Prevalence......Page 365
Asperger’s syndrome traits: The authors’ observations......Page 366
Inattention and impulsivity: ADHD symptoms and signs......Page 373
Brain regions that underlie ADHD symptoms, and appropriate NFB training......Page 374
Anxiety and the modulation of affect responses......Page 376
Empathy and affect interpretation and expression......Page 378
Executive function difficulties......Page 382
Section III: Regions of the brain identified as dysfunctional in as......Page 383
Hippocampal cortex—medial temporal cortex......Page 384
Fusiform gyrus......Page 385
Mirror neuron areas......Page 386
Other theories to explain AS symptoms......Page 387
The polyvagal theory......Page 388
Section IV: Intervention......Page 390
Neurofeedback + biofeedback: What we do and why it is effective......Page 392
Case example......Page 396
Training Steps......Page 400
Treatment Stages......Page 402
Adding metacognition to treatment......Page 404
Review of training results in clients with AS......Page 405
Discussion......Page 406
References......Page 407
Psychological pain associated with physiological conditions......Page 413
The bio-psychosocial model of pain......Page 414
The usefulness of BF/NF with co-morbidities associated with chronic pain......Page 416
Overview of the complexity of treating chronic pain......Page 417
Data collection of subjective and objective symptoms......Page 419
Training strategies......Page 420
Case 1......Page 421
Case 3......Page 423
Case 5......Page 425
Case 7......Page 426
Case 8......Page 427
Case 9......Page 429
QEEG......Page 432
NF training efficacy relative to number of sessions (NS)......Page 437
Relationship between the patient's gender and the response to the NS of NF......Page 439
Discussion......Page 440
Conclusions......Page 441
References......Page 444
Introduction......Page 448
Anxiety types with a focus on the EEG picture......Page 449
Alpha EEG biofeedback prior to QEEG-based neurotherapy......Page 450
QEEG correlates of anxiety symptoms......Page 453
Obsessive-compulsive disorder......Page 455
Trait anxiety......Page 457
The concept of a default mode network (DMN)......Page 459
Findings from clinical experience......Page 460
Diaphragmatic breathing......Page 462
Premack principle......Page 463
Virtual reality therapy for anxiety......Page 464
References......Page 465
Ethical/Legal Issues......Page 468
Introduction......Page 469
Current status of ethical and professional issues......Page 470
The necessity of definitions......Page 471
Professional decision-making......Page 472
Characteristics of an ethical practice......Page 473
Cautions and contraindications in using neurofeedback......Page 474
Efficaciousness of interventions......Page 476
Informed consent......Page 478
Advertising......Page 479
Standard of care......Page 480
Conclusion......Page 483
References......Page 484