Introduction to Python programming

Cover......Page 1
Half Title......Page 2
Title Page......Page 4
Copyright Page......Page 5
Dedication......Page 6
Table of Contents......Page 8
Preface......Page 14
Acknowledgment......Page 18
Authors......Page 20
1.1 What Is a Program?......Page 22
1.2.1 Machine Language......Page 23
1.2.3 High-Level Language......Page 24
1.3 Software Development......Page 26
1.4 History of Python Programming Language......Page 28
1.5 Thrust Areas of Python......Page 29
1.5.1 Academia......Page 30
1.5.5 Data Analysis......Page 31
1.5.10 Cloud Computing......Page 32
1.5.14 Python Stack in Industry......Page 33
1.6 Installing Anaconda Python Distribution......Page 34
1.7 Installing PyCharm IDE to Set Up a Python Development Environment......Page 37
1.8 Creating and Running Your First Python Project......Page 40
1.9 Installing and Using Jupyter Notebook......Page 44
1.9.1 Starting Jupyter Notebook......Page 45
1.10 Open Source Software......Page 48
1.10.1 Why Do People Prefer Using Open Source Software?......Page 49
1.10.3 Open Source Licenses......Page 50
Multiple Choice Questions......Page 53
Review Questions......Page 55
2.1 Identifiers......Page 56
2.3 Statements and Expressions......Page 57
2.4.2 Assigning Values to Variables......Page 58
2.5 Operators......Page 59
2.5.1 Arithmetic Operators......Page 60
2.5.2 Assignment Operators......Page 61
2.5.3 Comparison Operators......Page 63
2.5.4 Logical Operators......Page 64
2.5.5 Bitwise Operators......Page 65
2.6 Precedence and Associativity......Page 68
2.7.3 Strings......Page 69
2.8 Indentation......Page 70
2.10 Reading Input......Page 71
2.11.1 str.format() Method......Page 72
2.11.2 f-strings......Page 74
2.12.1 The int() Function......Page 75
2.12.3 The str() Function......Page 76
2.12.5 The complex() Function......Page 77
2.12.8 The oct() Function......Page 78
2.14 Dynamic and Strongly Typed Language......Page 79
2.15 Summary......Page 80
Multiple Choice Questions......Page 81
Review Questions......Page 86
3: Control Flow Statements......Page 88
3.1 The if Decision Control Flow Statement......Page 89
3.2 The if…else Decision Control Flow Statement......Page 90
3.3 The if…elif…else Decision Control Statement......Page 92
3.4 Nested if Statement......Page 94
3.5 The while Loop......Page 95
3.6 The for Loop......Page 100
3.7 The continue and break Statements......Page 102
3.8.2 Exceptions......Page 105
3.8.3 Exception Handling Using try…except…finally......Page 106
3.9 Summary......Page 110
Multiple Choice Questions......Page 111
Review Questions......Page 114
4.1 Built-In Functions......Page 116
4.2 Commonly Used Modules......Page 118
4.3 Function Definition and Calling the Function......Page 120
4.4 The return Statement and void Function......Page 124
4.5 Scope and Lifetime of Variables......Page 127
4.6 Default Parameters......Page 129
4.7 Keyword Arguments......Page 130
4.8 *args and **kwargs......Page 131
4.9 Command Line Arguments......Page 133
Multiple Choice Questions......Page 134
Review Questions......Page 138
5.1 Creating and Storing Strings......Page 140
5.2 Basic String Operations......Page 141
5.2.2 Built-In Functions Used on Strings......Page 143
5.3 Accessing Characters in String by Index Number......Page 144
5.4 String Slicing and Joining......Page 145
5.4.1 Specifying Steps in Slice Operation......Page 147
5.4.3 Split Strings Using split() Method......Page 148
5.4.5 String Traversing......Page 149
5.5 String Methods......Page 152
5.6 Formatting Strings......Page 159
5.6.1 Format Specifiers......Page 161
5.6.2 Escape Sequences......Page 162
5.6.4 Unicodes......Page 163
Multiple Choice Questions......Page 164
Review Questions......Page 167
6.1 Creating Lists......Page 170
6.2.1 The list() Function......Page 172
6.3 Indexing and Slicing in Lists......Page 173
6.3.1 Modifying Items in Lists......Page 174
6.4 Built-In Functions Used on Lists......Page 176
6.5 List Methods......Page 177
6.5.1 Populating Lists with Items......Page 179
6.5.2 Traversing of Lists......Page 180
6.5.3 Nested Lists......Page 188
6.6 The del Statement......Page 190
Multiple-Choice Questions......Page 191
Review Questions......Page 194
7.1 Creating Dictionary......Page 196
7.2 Accessing and Modifying key:value Pairs in Dictionaries......Page 199
7.3 Built-In Functions Used on Dictionaries......Page 200
7.4 Dictionary Methods......Page 202
7.4.1 Populating Dictionaries with key:value Pairs......Page 204
7.4.2 Traversing of Dictionary......Page 206
Multiple Choice Questions......Page 214
Review Questions......Page 219
8.1 Creating Tuples......Page 222
8.2 Basic Tuple Operations......Page 224
8.2.1 The tuple() Function......Page 225
8.3 Indexing and Slicing in Tuples......Page 226
8.4 Built-In Functions Used on Tuples......Page 228
8.5 Relation between Tuples and Lists......Page 229
8.6 Relation between Tuples and Dictionaries......Page 230
8.7 Tuple Methods......Page 231
8.7.2 Traversing of Tuples......Page 232
8.7.3 Populating Tuples with Items......Page 233
8.9 Sets......Page 237
8.10 Set Methods......Page 239
8.10.1 Traversing of Sets......Page 240
8.11 Frozenset......Page 242
Multiple Choice Questions......Page 243
Review Questions......Page 248
9: Files......Page 250
9.1 Types of Files......Page 251
9.1.1 File Paths......Page 252
9.1.2 Fully Qualified Path and Relative Path......Page 253
9.2.1 Creating and Opening Text Files......Page 254
9.2.2 File close() Method......Page 256
9.2.3 Use of with Statements to Open and Close Files......Page 258
9.3 File Methods to Read and Write Data......Page 260
9.4 Reading and Writing Binary Files......Page 268
9.5 The Pickle Module......Page 270
9.6 Reading and Writing CSV Files......Page 272
9.7 Python os and os.path Modules......Page 278
9.8 Summary......Page 282
Multiple Choice Questions......Page 283
Review Questions......Page 286
10.1 Using Special Characters......Page 288
10.1.2 Using Parentheses in Regular Expressions......Page 293
10.2.1 Compiling Regular Expressions Using compile() Method of re Module......Page 294
10.2.2 Match Objects......Page 295
10.4 Regular Expression with glob Module......Page 303
Multiple Choice Questions......Page 305
Review Questions......Page 308
11.1 Classes and Objects......Page 310
11.2 Creating Classes in Python......Page 312
11.3 Creating Objects in Python......Page 314
11.4 The Constructor Method......Page 315
11.5 Classes with Multiple Objects......Page 318
11.5.1 Using Objects as Arguments......Page 322
11.5.2 Objects as Return Values......Page 324
11.6 Class Attributes versus Data Attributes......Page 327
11.7 Encapsulation......Page 328
11.7.1 Using Private Instance Variables and Methods......Page 330
11.8 Inheritance......Page 332
11.8.1 Accessing the Inherited Variables and Methods......Page 333
11.8.2 Using super() Function and Overriding Base Class Methods......Page 335
11.8.3 Multiple Inheritances......Page 338
11.8.4 Method Resolution Order (MRO)......Page 341
11.9 The Polymorphism......Page 349
11.9.1 Operator Overloading and Magic Methods......Page 352
11.10 Summary......Page 356
Multiple Choice Questions......Page 357
Review Questions......Page 359
12.1.1 Lambda......Page 362
12.1.2 Iterators......Page 363
12.1.3 Generators......Page 364
12.1.4 List Comprehensions......Page 365
12.2 JSON and XML in Python......Page 367
12.2.1 Using JSON with Python......Page 368
12.2.2 Using Requests Module......Page 374
12.2.3 Using XML with Python......Page 376
12.3 NumPy with Python......Page 380
12.3.1 NumPy Arrays Creation Using array() Function......Page 381
12.3.2 Array Attributes......Page 382
12.3.3 NumPy Arrays Creation with Initial Placeholder Content......Page 383
12.3.4 Integer Indexing, Array Indexing, Boolean Array Indexing, Slicing and Iterating in Arrays......Page 385
12.3.5 Basic Arithmetic Operations on NumPy Arrays......Page 388
12.3.6 Mathematical Functions in NumPy......Page 389
12.3.7 Changing the Shape of an Array......Page 390
12.3.8 Stacking and Splitting of Arrays......Page 391
12.3.9 Broadcasting in Arrays......Page 392
12.4 Pandas......Page 395
12.4.1 Pandas Series......Page 396
12.4.2 Pandas DataFrame......Page 401
12.5 Altair......Page 419
12.6 Summary......Page 430
Multiple Choice Questions......Page 431
Review Questions......Page 434
Appendix-A: Debugging Python Code......Page 436
Bibliography......Page 446
Solutions......Page 448
Index......Page 458