Introduction to Psychology: Gateways to Mind and Behavior

About the Authors
......Page 6
Brief Contents......Page 7
Contents......Page 8
Preface......Page 18
Starting Off on the Right Foot......Page 35
Reflective Reading - How to Tame a Textbook......Page 36
Reflective Note Taking - LISAN Up!......Page 38
Reflective Study Strategies - Making a Habit of Success......Page 39
Procrastination - Avoiding the Last-Minute Blues......Page 40
Reflective Test-Taking - Are You "Test Wise"?......Page 41
Using Digital Media - Netting New Knowledge......Page 42
Media Resources......Page 45
Fly Like an Eagle......Page 47
Psychology - Behave Yourself!......Page 48
Critical Thinking - Take It with a Grain of Salt......Page 51
Pseudopsychologies - Palms, Planets, and Personality......Page 52
Scientific Research - How to Think Like a Psychologist......Page 54
A Brief History of Psychology - Psychology's Family Album......Page 57
Psychology Today - Three Complementary Perspectives on Behavior......Page 62
Psychologists - Guaranteed Not to Shrink......Page 65
The Psychology Experiment - Where Cause Meets Effect......Page 69
Double Blind - On Placebos and Self-Fulfilling Prophecies......Page 71
Nonexperimental Research Methods - Different Strokes......Page 73
Psychology in Action: Psychology in the Media - Are You Fluent in Klingon?......Page 78
Gateway Questions Revisited......Page 80
Media Resources......Page 82
A Stroke of Bad Luck......Page 85
Neurons - Building a "Biocomputer"......Page 86
The Nervous System - Wired for Action......Page 90
Research Methods - Charting the Brain's Inner Realms......Page 94
The Cerebral Cortex - My, What a Wrinkled Brain You Have!......Page 98
The Subcortex - At the Core of the (Brain) Matter......Page 105
The Endocrine System - My Hormones Made Me Do It......Page 108
Gateway Questions Revisited......Page 114
Media Resources......Page 115
It's a Girl!......Page 117
Nature and Nurture - It Takes Two to Tango......Page 118
The Newborn - More Than Meets the Eye......Page 123
Social Development - Baby, I'm Stuck on You......Page 127
Parental Influences - Life with Mom and Dad......Page 130
Language Development - Who Talks Baby Talk?......Page 132
Cognitive Development - Think Like a Child......Page 135
Adolescence and Young Adulthood - The Best of Times, the Worst of Times......Page 141
Moral Development - Growing a Conscience......Page 144
The Story of a Lifetime - Rocky Road or Garden Path?......Page 145
Middle and Later Adulthood - You're an Adult Now!......Page 147
Death and Dying - The Final Frontier......Page 149
Psychology in Action: Effective Parenting - Always Kiss Your Children Goodnight......Page 151
Chapter in Review: Gateways to Human Development......Page 154
Gateway Questions Revisited......Page 156
Media Resources......Page 198
The Trees Have Eyes......Page 159
Sensory Processes - The First Step......Page 160
Vision - Catching Some Rays......Page 162
Hearing - Good Vibrations......Page 168
Smell and Taste - The Nose Knows When the Tongue Can't Tell......Page 171
The Somesthetic Senses - Flying by the Seat of Your Pants......Page 172
Perception - The Second Step......Page 176
Selective Attention - Tuning in and Tuning Out......Page 182
Depth Perception - What if the World Were Flat?......Page 183
Perceptual Learning - Believing is Seeing......Page 188
Extrasensory Perception - Do You Believe in Ghosts?......Page 192
Psychology in Action: Pay Attention! - Becoming a Better Eyewitness to Life......Page 194
Gateway Questions Revisited......Page 197
Ch 5: States of Consciousness......Page 201
Sleep - Catching a Few ZZZs......Page 202
Stages of Sleep - The Nightly Roller Coaster......Page 205
Sleep Disturbances - The Sleepy Time Blues......Page 208
Dreams - A Separate Reality?......Page 211
Hypnosis - Look into My Eyes......Page 213
Meditation and Sensory Deprivation - Chilling, the Healthy Way......Page 217
Drug-Altered Consciousness - The High and Low of It......Page 219
Uppers - Amphetamines, Cocaine, MDMA, Caffeine, Nicotine......Page 221
Downers - Sedatives, Tranquilizers, and Alcohol......Page 226
Hallucinogens - Tripping the Light Fantastic......Page 230
Psychology in Action: Exploring and Using Dreams......Page 232
Gateway Questions Revisited......Page 235
Media Resources......Page 236
Rats!......Page 239
What is Learning - Does Practice Make Perfect?......Page 240
Classical Conditioning - Does the Name Pavlov Ring a Bell?......Page 241
Principles of Classical Conditioning - Leonard Studies Lemon Juice......Page 243
Classical Conditioning in Humans - An Emotional Topic......Page 245
Operant Conditioning - Can Pigeons Play Ping-Pong?......Page 246
Operant Reinforcers - What's Your Pleasure?......Page 251
Partial Reinforcement - Las Vegas, a Human Skinner Box?......Page 255
Stimulus Control - Red Light, Green Light......Page 258
Punishment - Putting the Brakes on Behavior......Page 259
Cognitive Learning - Beyond Conditioning......Page 263
Modeling - Do as I Do, Not as I Say......Page 265
Psychology in Action: Behavioral Self-Management - A Rewarding Project......Page 268
Gateway Questions Revisited......Page 270
Media Resources......Page 272
Fuhgeddaboudit......Page 275
Stages of Memory - Do You Have a Mind Like a Steel Trap? Or a Sieve?......Page 276
Short-Term Memory - Do You Know the Magic Number?......Page 278
Long-Term Memory - A Blast from the Past......Page 280
Measuring Memory - The Answer is on the Tip of My Tongue......Page 285
Forgetting - Why We, Uh, Let's See; Why We, Uh… Forget!......Page 288
Memory and the Brain - Some "Shocking" Findings......Page 294
Exceptional Memory - Wizards of Recall......Page 297
Improving Memory - Keys to the Memory Bank......Page 299
Psychology in Action: Mnemonics - Memory Magic......Page 302
Gateway Questions Revisited......Page 305
Media Resources......Page 306
Color is the Keyboard......Page 309
Mental Imagery - Does a Frog Have Lips?......Page 310
Concepts - I'm Positive, It's a Whatchamacallit......Page 312
Language - Say What?......Page 315
Problem Solving - Getting an Answer in Sight......Page 319
Creative Thinking - Down Roads Less Traveled......Page 324
Intuition - Mental Shortcut? Or Dangerous Detour?......Page 327
Psychology in Action: Enhancing Creativity - Brainstorms......Page 331
Gateway Questions Revisited......Page 334
Media Resources......Page 335
Homo Sapiens......Page 337
Defining Intelligence - Intelligence is…You Know, It's…......Page 338
Testing Intelligence - The IQ and You......Page 340
Variations in Intelligence - The Numbers Game......Page 344
The Intellectually Gifted - Smart, Smarter, Smartest......Page 346
Intellectual Disability - A Difference That Makes a Difference......Page 347
Heredity and Environment - Super Rats, Family Trees, and Video Games......Page 350
Beyond Psychometric Intelligence - Intelligent Alternatives to "g"......Page 353
Psychology in Action: Intelligent Intelligence Testing - User Beware!......Page 357
Gateway Questions Revisited......Page 360
Media Resources......Page 362
No Need to Tell Lady Gaga......Page 365
Motivation - Forces That Push and Pull......Page 366
Hunger - Pardon Me, My Hypothalamus is Growling......Page 368
Biological Motives Revisited - Thirst, Sex, and Pain......Page 376
Stimulus Motives - Skydiving, Horror Movies, and the Fun Zone......Page 378
Learned Motives - The Pursuit of Excellence......Page 380
Motives in Perspective - A View from the Pyramid......Page 382
Inside an Emotion - How Do You Feel?......Page 384
Physiology and Emotion - Arousal, Sudden Death, and Lying......Page 386
Expressing Emotions - Making Faces and Talking Bodies......Page 389
Theories of Emotion - Several Ways to Fear a Bear......Page 392
Psychology in Action: Emotional Intelligence - The Fine Art of Self-Control......Page 397
Gateway Questions Revisited......Page 398
Media Resources......Page 400
Pink and Blue?......Page 403
Sexual Development - Circle One: XX or XY?......Page 404
Sexual Orientation - Who Do You Love?......Page 405
Gender Development - Circle One: Masculine or Feminine......Page 408
Androgyny - Are You Masculine, Feminine, or Androgynous?......Page 412
When Sex and Gender Do Not Match - The Binary Busters......Page 413
Sexual Behavior - Mapping the Erogenous Zones......Page 414
Human Sexual Response - Sexual Interactions......Page 417
Atypical Sexual Behavior - Trench Coats, Whips, Leathers, and Lace......Page 419
Contemporary Attitudes and Sexual Behavior - For Better or Worse......Page 421
STDs and Safer Sex - Choice, Risk, and Responsibility......Page 424
Psychology in Action: Sexual Problems - When Pleasure Fades......Page 427
Gateway Questions Revisited......Page 432
Media Resources......Page 434
At the Core......Page 437
The Psychology of Personality - Do You Have Personality?......Page 438
The Trait Approach - Describe Yourself in 18,000 Words or Less......Page 441
Psychoanalytic Theory - Id Came to Me in a Dream......Page 445
Humanistic Theory - Peak Experiences and Personal Growth......Page 451
Learning Theories of Personality - Habit I Seen You Before?......Page 455
Nature and Nurture - The Great Personality Debate......Page 459
Personality Theories - Overview and Comparison......Page 462
Personality Assessment - Psychological Yardsticks......Page 463
Psychology in Action: Barriers and Bridges - Understanding Shyness......Page 469
Gateway Questions Revisited......Page 471
Media Resources......Page 472
Mee Jung's Amazing Race......Page 475
Health Psychology - Here's to Your Good Health......Page 476
Stress - Thrill or Threat?......Page 480
Frustration - Blind Alleys and Lead Balloons......Page 485
Conflict - Yes, No, Yes, No, Yes, No, Well, Maybe......Page 487
Psychological Defense - Mental Karate?......Page 490
Learned Helplessness and Depression - is There Hope?......Page 492
Stress and Health - Unmasking a Hidden Killer......Page 495
Psychology in Action: Stress Management......Page 502
Gateway Questions Revisited......Page 506
Media Resources......Page 507
Beware the Helicopters......Page 509
Normality - What's Normal?......Page 510
Classifying Mental Disorders - Problems by the Book......Page 512
Disorders in Perspective - Psychiatric Labeling......Page 516
Psychotic Disorders - The Dark Side of the Moon......Page 518
Schizophrenia - Shattered Reality......Page 520
Mood Disorders - Peaks and Valleys......Page 526
Anxiety-Based Disorders - When Anxiety Rules......Page 529
Anxiety and Disorder - Four Pathways to Trouble......Page 535
Personality Disorders - Blueprints for Maladjustment......Page 536
Psychology in Action: Suicide - Lives on the Brink......Page 539
Gateway Questions Revisited......Page 541
Media Resources......Page 543
Paddle Like a Duck......Page 545
Origins of Therapy - Bored Out of Your Skull......Page 546
Psychoanalysis - Expedition into the Unconscious......Page 547
Dimensions of Therapy - Let Me Count the Ways......Page 548
Humanistic Therapies - Restoring Human Potential......Page 550
Cognitive Therapy - Think Positive!......Page 551
Therapies Based on Classical Conditioning - Healing by Learning......Page 554
Operant Therapies - All the World is a Skinner Box?......Page 558
Medical Therapies - Psychiatric Care......Page 561
Therapies - Human to the Core......Page 564
The Future of Therapy - Magnets, Groups, and Smartphones......Page 568
Psychology in Action: Self-Management and Seeking Professional Help......Page 572
Gateway Questions Revisited......Page 576
Media Resources......Page 578
Six Degrees of Separation......Page 581
Humans in a Social Context - People, People, Everywhere......Page 582
Social Cognition - Behind Our Masks......Page 584
Attitudes - Belief + Emotion + Action......Page 588
Attitude Change - Why the Seekers Went Public......Page 590
Social Influence - Follow the Leader......Page 593
Mere Presence - Just Because You are There......Page 594
Conformity - Don't Stand Out......Page 595
Compliance - A Foot in the Door......Page 597
Obedience - Would You Electrocute a Stranger?......Page 598
Coercion - Brainwashing and Cults......Page 601
Psychology in Action: Assertiveness Training - Standing Up for Your Rights......Page 604
Gateway Questions Revisited......Page 606
Media Resources......Page 607
Love and Hate......Page 609
Interpersonal Attraction - Social Magnetism?......Page 610
Loving - Dating and Mating......Page 612
Helping Others - The Good Samaritan......Page 615
Antisocial Behavior - The World's Most Dangerous Animal......Page 618
Prejudice - Attitudes That Injure......Page 623
Intergroup Conflict - The Roots of Prejudice......Page 625
Psychology in Action: Multiculturalism - Living with Diversity......Page 631
Gateway Questions Revisited......Page 633
Media Resources......Page 634
In Touch with Knowledge......Page 637
Industrial/Organizational Psychology - Psychology at Work......Page 638
Environmental Psychology - Life on Spaceship Earth......Page 645
Educational Psychology - An Instructive Topic......Page 653
Psychology and Law - Judging Juries......Page 654
Sports Psychology - The Athletic Mind......Page 657
Psychology in Action: Human Factors Psychology - Who's the Boss Here?......Page 660
Gateway Questions Revisited......Page 663
The Whole Human: Psychology and You......Page 665
Appendix: Behavioral Statistics......Page 667
References......Page 679
Name Index......Page 729
Subject Index/Glossary......Page 747