Introduction to physics of highly charged ions

Introduction to the Physics of Highly Charged Ions......Page 1
Contents......Page 3
Preface......Page 7
Fundamental constants......Page 9
Notations......Page 10
1.1 General remarks......Page 13
1.2 Atomic masses, charges and sizes......Page 14
1.3.1 The Earth......Page 16
1.3.2 The Sun......Page 21
1.3.3 Cosmic x-ray sources......Page 23
1.4 Ions in the laboratory......Page 24
1.4.1 Plasma ion sources......Page 25
1.4.2 Heavy-ion accelerators......Page 28
1.5.1 Scanning tunneling microscope......Page 29
1.5.2 Single ions in magnetic traps......Page 31
2.1 Light and radiation......Page 33
2.2 The electromagnetic spectrum......Page 34
2.3 The distribution of radiation......Page 40
2.4.1 Diffraction......Page 44
2.4.2 Interference......Page 45
2.4.3 Diffraction at a single slit......Page 46
2.4.4 Young’s double-slit experiment......Page 47
2.4.5 The Heisenberg uncertainty principle......Page 48
2.4.6 Fresnel lenses and zone plates......Page 49
2.4.7 Bragg reflection, diffraction grating......Page 51
2.4.8 Diffraction limited devices and the camera obscura......Page 52
2.4.9 Massive particles as waves......Page 55
2.4.10 The scanning electron microscope......Page 56
2.5 The Doppler effect......Page 57
3.1 Spectral lines......Page 69
3.2 The quantum nature of radiation......Page 73
3.3 The photoelectric effect......Page 75
3.4 Compton scattering......Page 78
3.5 Mossbauer spectroscopy......Page 82
3.6 Spectral-line analysis......Page 85
3.7 The inner concept of atoms......Page 89
4.1.1 Elementary collisional and radiative processes......Page 98
Collisions......Page 99
Thermodynamic equilibrium......Page 100
Plasma parameters......Page 102
Evolution of high charge states: a simple example......Page 106
4.2 Bremsstrahlung......Page 110
4.2.1 Radiation from accelerated charges......Page 111
4.2.2 Longitudinal acceleration......Page 113
4.2.3 Spatial distribution of bremsstrahlung......Page 114
4.2.4 Spectral distribution of bremsstrahlung......Page 117
4.2.5 Collisions......Page 118
4.3 Synchrotron radiation......Page 123
4.3.1 Angular distribution of the radiated power......Page 125
4.3.2 Spectral distribution of synchrotron radiation......Page 128
4.3.3 Insertion devices......Page 132
4.4.1 General remarks......Page 135
4.4.3 Acceleration mechanisms......Page 136
Direct voltage accelerators......Page 138
Circular machines......Page 139
The rf linac......Page 141
Phase stability......Page 142
Transverse stability......Page 144
Emittance......Page 146
Momentum compaction......Page 147
Phase stability in circular accelerators and the modern synchrotron......Page 148
4.4.5 RFQ accelerators......Page 149
4.4.6 Highly charged heavy ions......Page 150
4.5.1 Basic characteristics......Page 153
4.5.2 Electron cooling......Page 157
4.5.3 Stochastic cooling......Page 161
4.5.4 Laser Cooling......Page 163
4.6.1 Thermonuclear fusion......Page 165
4.6.3 The Tokamak configuration......Page 167
4.7.1 Basic operation principle......Page 170
4.7.2 Magnetic configuration......Page 172
4.7.3 Resonant heating......Page 174
4.7.5 Enhancement of high charge states......Page 175
4.8.1 Basic principle of operation......Page 178
4.8.2 Step-by-step ionization......Page 180
4.8.3 Ion heating and cooling......Page 181
5.1 Classiffication of spectral lines......Page 184
5.2 Coupling schemes......Page 189
5.3 Selection rules......Page 194
5.4 Transition probabilities and oscillator strengths......Page 198
H-like ions......Page 201
He-like Ions......Page 202
The E1-decay rates of the 1s2p 1P and 3P states......Page 204
The 2 1S0 → 1 1S0 transitions......Page 205
5.5 Lifetimes......Page 207
5.6 Autoionizing states and Auger decay......Page 208
5.7 One-electron systems......Page 213
5.8 Dirac equation: relativistic effects and the fine structure......Page 216
5.8.1 Spin-orbit interaction......Page 220
5.8.2 Nuclear finite-size correction......Page 221
5.9 Magnetic effects and the hyperfine structure......Page 223
5.10 QED effects and the Lamb shift......Page 226
5.11 Many-electron systems......Page 230
5.12 Transition energies and x-ray spectra......Page 235
5.13 External fields......Page 238
5.13.1 Polarizabilities......Page 240
5.13.2 Electric field and Stark effect......Page 244
5.13.3 Linear Stark effect in the hydrogen atom......Page 248
5.13.4 Stark effect in H-like ions......Page 250
5.13.5 Magnetic field and Zeeman effect......Page 252
5.13.6 Zeeman effect in H-like ions......Page 257
5.14.1 Natural broadening of spectral lines......Page 258
5.14.2 Doppler broadening......Page 261
5.15 Absorption edges......Page 263
5.16 Polarization of x-ray radiation......Page 268
6.1 Collisional and photo processes in plasmas......Page 272
6.2 Local thermodynamic equilibrium......Page 275
6.3 Non-equilibrium plasma: the coronal limit......Page 277
6.4 The principle of detailed balance......Page 279
6.5 Photon emission and absorption......Page 281
6.6.1 Direct excitation......Page 284
6.6.2 Resonant excitation......Page 289
6.7.2 Direct ionization......Page 293
6.7.3 Excitation-autoionization and the branching ratio coefficients......Page 296
6.7.5 Relativistic and QED effects......Page 299
6.7.6 Inverse process: three-body recombination......Page 302
6.8.1 Classiffication of the process......Page 307
6.8.2 Dielectronic satellites......Page 309
6.8.3 DR cross sections and rates......Page 310
6.8.5 Radiative recombination......Page 312
6.8.6 Radiative recombination experiments......Page 315
6.8.7 Radiative recombination at very low electron energies......Page 318
6.9.1 General remarks......Page 320
6.9.2 Experiments......Page 322
6.9.3 Excitation......Page 323
6.9.4 Electron capture......Page 328
6.9.5 Heavy-ion collisions......Page 330
6.9.6 Collisions between highly charged ions......Page 331
6.9.7 Ionization......Page 332
6.9.8 Inertial fusion driven by heavy ions......Page 334
6.10 Ion-surface interaction and hollow atoms......Page 339
7.1 Rydberg atoms and ions......Page 346
7.2 Laser-produced plasma and related phenomena......Page 348
7.3 Atomic many-electron processes......Page 349
7.4 Recoil-ion momentum spectroscopy......Page 352
7.5.1 Lamb shift......Page 353
7.5.3 Bound-electron g-factor......Page 354
7.6 Parity Violation......Page 355
List of references for further reading......Page 359
Atomic physics in chronological order......Page 361