Introduction to physical anthropology

Cover......Page 1
Tittle Page......Page 4
Copyright......Page 5
Brief Contents......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
Preface......Page 14
Acknowledgments......Page 18
Supplements......Page 20
Chapter 1: Introduction to Physical Anthropology......Page 22
 Biocultural Evolution......Page 25
 What Is Anthropology?......Page 29
  Linguistic Anthropology......Page 30
  Physical Anthropology......Page 31
  Applied Anthropology......Page 37
 Physical Anthropology and the Scientific Method......Page 38
 The Anthropological Perspective......Page 40
  A Closer: Look Forensic Anthropology in Practice......Page 41
 Critical Thinking Questions......Page 42
Chapter 2: The Development of Evolutionary Theory......Page 44
 A Brief History of Evolutionary Thought......Page 45
  The Scientific Revolution......Page 47
  Precursors of the Theory of Evolution......Page 48
  The Discovery of Natural Selection......Page 52
  In Darwin’s Shadow......Page 57
  Natural Selection in Action......Page 58
  Natural Selection and Reproductive Success......Page 60
 Constraints on Nineteenth-Century Evolutionary Theory......Page 61
 Opposition to Evolution Today......Page 62
  A Brief History of Opposition to Evolution in the United States......Page 63
  At a Glance: The Mechanism of Natural Selection......Page 64
 Critical Thinking Questions......Page 66
Chapter 3: The Biological Basis of Life......Page 68
 Cells......Page 69
  DNA Structure......Page 71
  DNA Replication......Page 72
  Protein Synthesis......Page 73
 What Is a Gene?......Page 76
  A Closer Look Noncoding DNA—Not Junk After All......Page 78
 Regulatory Genes......Page 79
  At a Glance: Coding and Noncoding DNA......Page 80
 Mutation: When Genes Change......Page 81
  Chromosomes......Page 83
  Karyotyping Chromosomes......Page 85
  Mitosis......Page 86
  Meiosis......Page 88
 New Frontiers......Page 91
 How Do We Know?......Page 96
 Critical Thinking Questions......Page 97
Chapter 4: Heredity and Evolution......Page 100
 The Genetic Principles Discovered by Mendel......Page 102
  Segregation......Page 103
  Dominance and Recessiveness......Page 104
  Independent Assortment......Page 105
 Mendelian Inheritance in Humans......Page 106
  Misconceptions about Dominance and Recessiveness......Page 108
  Patterns of Mendelian Inheritance......Page 109
  Polygenic Inheritance......Page 113
  At a Glance: Mendelian vs. Polygenic Traits......Page 115
  Pleiotropy......Page 116
  The Modern Synthesis......Page 117
  A Current Definition of Evolution......Page 118
  Gene Flow......Page 119
  Genetic Drift and Founder Effect......Page 121
 Natural Selection Is Directional and Acts on Variation......Page 124
 Review of Genetics and Evolutionary Factors......Page 127
 Summary of Main Topics......Page 128
 Critical Thinking Questions......Page 129
Chapter 5: Macroevolution: Processes of Vertebrate and Mammalian Evolution......Page 132
 How We Connect: Discovering the Place of Humans in the Natural World......Page 133
  Principles of Classification......Page 135
  Comparing Evolutionary Systematics with Cladistics......Page 136
  A Closer Look Evo-Devo: The Evolution Revolution......Page 137
  An Example of Cladistic Analysis: The Evolutionary History of Cars and Trucks......Page 139
  Using Cladistics to Interpret Organisms......Page 140
 Definition of Species......Page 142
  At a Glance: Comparing Two Approaches to Interpretation of Evolutionary Relationships......Page 143
  Recognition of Fossil Species......Page 145
  Recognition of Fossil Genera......Page 146
 What Are Fossils and How Do They Form?......Page 147
 Humans Are Vertebrates: Distant Connections through Geological Time......Page 149
 A Closer Look Deep Time......Page 151
 Humans Are Also Mammals: Closer Connections......Page 153
  Adaptive Radiation......Page 155
  Generalized and Specialized Characteristics......Page 156
 How Do We Know?......Page 157
 Summary of Main Topics......Page 158
 Critical Thinking Questions......Page 159
Chapter 6: Survey of the Living Primates......Page 162
 Primate Characteristics......Page 163
  The Senses and the Brain......Page 165
  Maturation, Learning, and Behavior......Page 166
 Primate Adaptations......Page 167
  Evolutionary Factors......Page 168
  Diet and Teeth......Page 169
  Locomotion......Page 170
 Primate Classification......Page 174
  Lemurs and Lorises......Page 176
  Tarsiers......Page 178
  Anthropoids: Monkeys, Apes, and Humans......Page 179
  Hominoids: Apes and Humans......Page 185
 Endangered Primates......Page 193
  A Closer Look: Aye-Ayes: Victims of Derived Traits and Superstition......Page 194
  The Bushmeat Trade......Page 198
 How Do We Know?......Page 200
 Critical Thinking Questions......Page 201
Chapter 7: Primate Behavior......Page 204
 The Evolution of Behavior......Page 205
  Some Factors That Influence Social Structure......Page 207
  A Closer Look: Types of Nonhuman Primate Social Groups......Page 209
 Why Be Social?......Page 210
  Dominance......Page 211
  At a Glance: Primate Social Strategies......Page 212
  Communication......Page 213
  Aggressive and Affiliative Behaviors within Groups......Page 215
  Reproductive Strategies......Page 217
  Sexual Selection......Page 218
  Is Infanticide a Reproductive Strategy?......Page 219
  Mothers, Fathers, and Infants......Page 220
 Nonhuman Primate Models for the Evolution of Human Behavior......Page 222
  Brain and Body Size......Page 223
 Language......Page 225
  The Evolution of Language......Page 228
 Primate Cultural Behavior......Page 230
  At a Glance Evolution of Human Language......Page 231
  Conflict between Groups......Page 235
 Prosocial Behaviors: Affiliation, Altruism, and Cooperation......Page 237
  Altruism......Page 238
 The Primate Continuum......Page 240
 Summary of Main Topics......Page 241
 Critical Thinking Questions......Page 242
Chapter 8: Overview of the Fossil Primates......Page 244
 Background to Primate Evolution: Late Mesozoic......Page 245
  Primate Origins......Page 246
  A Closer Look: Building Family Trees from Genes......Page 247
 Made to Order: Archaic Primates......Page 248
 Eocene Euprimates......Page 250
  Lemur Connections? The Adapoids......Page 252
  At a Glance: Key Early Primate Names......Page 253
  Tarsier Connections? The Omomyoids......Page 255
  Eocene and Oligocene Early Anthropoids......Page 256
  A Closer Look: Primate Diversity in the Fayum......Page 258
  True Anthropoids......Page 259
  Early Platyrrhines: New World Anthropoids......Page 261
  A Closer Look: Island Hopping and Primate Evolution......Page 263
  Monkeying Around......Page 264
  Aping Monkeys......Page 267
  At a Glance: Key Early Anthropoid Names......Page 269
  At a Glance: Key Fossil Ape Names......Page 272
  The African Great Apes......Page 277
  Asia’s Lone Great Ape......Page 278
 How Do We Know?......Page 279
 Critical Thinking Questions......Page 280
Chapter 9: Paleoanthropology: Reconstructing Early Hominin Behavior and Ecology......Page 282
 Understanding Our Direct Evolutionary Connections: What’s a Hominin?......Page 283
  What’s in a Name?......Page 284
 Biocultural Evolution: The Human Capacity for Culture......Page 285
 Discovering Human Evolution: The Science of Paleoanthropology......Page 286
  A Closer Look: What Were Early Hominins Doing, and How Do We Know......Page 287
 Connecting the Dots through Time: Paleoanthropological Dating Methods......Page 291
  A Closer Look: Chronometric Dating Estimates......Page 294
 Experimental Archaeology......Page 295
  Stone Tool (Lithic) Technology......Page 296
  Analysis of Bone......Page 297
  Why Did Hominins Become Bipedal?......Page 298
 How Do We Know?......Page 302
 Critical Thinking Questions......Page 303
Chapter 10: Hominin Origins in Africa......Page 306
  The Mechanics of Walking on Two Legs......Page 307
  A Closer Look: Major Features of Bipedal Locomotion......Page 309
  Pre-Australopiths (6.01 to 4.4 mya)......Page 312
  Australopiths (4.2 to 1.2 mya)......Page 316
  At a Glance: Key Pre-Australopith Discoveries......Page 317
  A Closer Look: Cranial Capacity......Page 321
  A Contemporaneous and Very DifferentKind of Hominin......Page 322
  Later More Derived Australopiths (3.0 to 1.2 mya)......Page 323
  New Connections: A Transitional Australopith?......Page 326
 Closer Connections: Early Homo (2.0 to 1.4 mya)......Page 329
 Interpretations: What Does It All Mean?......Page 330
 Seeing the Big Picture: Adaptive Patterns of Early African Hominins......Page 332
 How Do We Know?......Page 334
 Critical Thinking Questions......Page 335
Chapter 11: The First Dispersal of the Genus Homo: Homo erectus and Contemporaries......Page 338
 A New Kind of Hominin......Page 339
  Brain Size......Page 340
  Cranial Shape......Page 343
  The First Homo erectus: Homo erectus from Africa......Page 344
  A New Hominin Discovery in South Africa......Page 346
  Who Were the Earliest African Emigrants?......Page 347
  Homo erectus from Indonesia......Page 349
  Homo erectus from China......Page 350
  A Closer Look: In Search of Ancient Human Ancestors—and a Little Shade......Page 351
  Asian and African Homo erectus: A Comparison......Page 355
  Later Homo erectus from Europe......Page 357
 Technological Trends During the Time of Homo erectus......Page 359
 Seeing the Connections: Interpretations of Homo erectus......Page 360
 Something New and Different: The “Little People”......Page 361
 How Do We Know?......Page 363
 Critical Thinking Questions......Page 364
Chapter 12: Premodern Humans......Page 366
  The Pleistocene......Page 367
  Dispersal of Middle Pleistocene Hominins......Page 368
  Middle Pleistocene Hominins: Terminology......Page 369
  Africa......Page 370
  Europe......Page 371
  At a Glance: Key Premodern Human (H. heidelbergensis) Fossils from Europe......Page 372
  At a Glance: Key Premodern Human (H. heidelbergensis) Fossils from Asia......Page 375
 Middle Pleistocene Culture......Page 376
 Neandertals: Premodern Humans of the Late Pleistocene......Page 377
  Western Europe......Page 379
  Central Europe......Page 382
  Western Asia......Page 384
  Surprising Connections: Another Contemporary Hominin?......Page 385
 Culture of Neandertals......Page 386
  Subsistence......Page 387
  Speech and Symbolic Behavior......Page 388
  Burials......Page 389
 Molecular Connections: The Genetic Evidence......Page 391
  Neandertal DNA......Page 392
  A Closer Look Are They Human?......Page 393
 Seeing Close Human Connections: Understanding Diversity among Premodern Humans......Page 395
 Summary of Main Topics......Page 398
 Critical Thinking Questions......Page 399
Chapter 13: The Origin and Dispersal of Modern Humans......Page 402
  Replacement Models......Page 404
  At a Glance: Scenarios of Modern Human Origins......Page 406
  At a Glance: Genetic Relationships among Modern Humans, Denisovans, and Neandertals......Page 407
  Africa......Page 408
  The Near East......Page 411
  Asia......Page 413
  Central Europe......Page 415
  Western Europe......Page 416
  Europe......Page 419
  Africa......Page 424
  A Closer Look: Maybe You Can Take It with You......Page 425
 Summary of Upper Paleolithic Culture......Page 426
 How Do We Know?......Page 427
 Critical Thinking Questions......Page 428
Chapter 14: Modern Human Biology: Patterns of Variation......Page 430
 Historical Views of Human Variation......Page 431
 The Concept of Race......Page 432
  A Closer Look: Racial Purity: A False and Dangerous Ideology......Page 433
 Contemporary Interpretations of Human Variation......Page 437
  Human Polymorphisms......Page 438
  At a Glance: Genetic Polymorphisms Used to Study Human Variation......Page 440
  A Closer Look: What DNA Tells Us about Ancient Human Migrations......Page 441
 Population Genetics......Page 444
   At a Glance: Population Genetics Research......Page 446
  Calculating Allele Frequencies......Page 447
  A Closer Look: Calculating Allele Frequencies: PTC Tasting in a Hypothetical Population......Page 448
  Evolution in Action: Modern Human Populations......Page 449
 Human Biocultural Evolution......Page 450
 How Do We Know?......Page 453
 Critical Thinking Questions......Page 454
Chapter 15: Modern Human Biology: Patterns of Adaptation......Page 456
 The Adaptive Significance of Human Variation......Page 457
  Solar Radiation and Skin Color......Page 458
  The Thermal Environment......Page 463
  A Closer Look: Skin Cancer and UV Radiation......Page 465
  High Altitude......Page 468
 Infectious Disease......Page 470
  At a Glance: Zoonoses and Human Infectious Disease......Page 471
 The Continuing Impact of Infectious Disease......Page 473
  Evidence of Prehistoric Diseases......Page 477
  Reconstruction of Prehistoric Behavioral Patterns......Page 480
 Summary of Main Topics......Page 482
 Critical Thinking Questions......Page 483
Chapter 16: Legacies of Human Evolutionary History: Effects on the Life Course......Page 486
 Evolved Biology and Contemporary Lifestyles—Is There a Mismatch?......Page 487
 Diet and Nutrition through the Life Course......Page 488
  Too Much and Too Little......Page 491
  At a Glance: Diet, Lifestyle, and Consequences......Page 492
  Other Factors Influencing Growth and Development: Genes, Environment, and Hormones......Page 494
 Life History Theory and the Human Life Course......Page 496
  Pregnancy, Birth, Infancy, and Childhood......Page 497
  Onset of Reproductive Function in Humans......Page 500
  Decline in Reproductive Function......Page 501
 Aging and Longevity......Page 502
 Are We Still Evolving?......Page 506
 Summary of Main Topics......Page 507
 Critical Thinking Questions......Page 508
Chapter 17: The Human Disconnection......Page 510
 Human Impacts on the Planet and on Other Life-Forms......Page 511
  Humans and the Impact of Culture......Page 512
  Global Climate Change......Page 513
  Public Perceptions of Climate Change......Page 514
  Earth’s Shrinking Polar Ice......Page 515
  Impact on Biodiversity......Page 519
  Acceleration of Evolutionary Processes......Page 521
 Looking for Solutions......Page 522
 Is There Any Good News?......Page 524
 Critical Thinking Questions......Page 525
Appendix A: Atlas of Primate Skeletal Anatomy......Page 526
Appendix B: Sexing and Aging the Skeleton......Page 534
Glossary......Page 539
References......Page 550
Index......Page 576