Introduction to Photocatalysis; Fundamentals and Applications

Cover
Half Title
Title
Copyright
Table of Contents
Acknowledgement
Part I Fundamentals
	1 Introduction to Photocatalysis
		1.1 Introduction
		1.2 Different Types of Materials as Photocatalyst
		1.3 Basic Principles and Mechanism of Photocatalysis
			1.3.1 Oxidation Mechanism
			1.3.2 Reduction Mechanism
			1.3.3 Factors Affecting Photocatalytic Activity
		1.4 Limitations/Shortcomings of Photocatalysis
		1.5 Literature Review
			1.5.1 Titanium Dioxide
			1.5.2 Tungsten Trioxide
			1.5.3 Zinc Oxide
			1.5.4 Copper Oxide
		1.6 Summary
		References
	2 Introduction to Plasmonic Photocatalysis
		2.1 Introduction
			2.1.1 Pure Plasmonic Materials
			2.1.2 Hybrid Plasmonic Materials
			2.1.3 Alternative Plasmonic Materials
		2.2 Nanoplasmonic Photocatalysis in Liquid Phase
			2.2.1 Plasmonic-Based Photocatalytic Degradation of Aqueous Contaminants
			2.2.2 Organic Synthesis
		2.3 Nanoplasmonic Photocatalysis in Gas-Phase Reactions
			2.3.1 Photodegradation of Volatile Organic Compounds
			2.3.2 Plasmonic-Driven Chemical to Energy Conversion Processes
		2.4 Plasmonics in Biocatalytic Processes
			2.4.1 Photobiocatalysis
			2.4.2 Artificial Enzymes
		2.5 Summary
		References
	3 Synthesis Methods for Photocatalytic Materials
		3.1 Synthesis Methods for Photocatalytic Materials
		3.2 Sol-Gel Process
			3.2.1 Construction
			3.2.2 Working Principle of Sol-Gel Method
			3.2.3 Pros and Cons of Sol-Gel Method
		3.3 Hydrothermal Method
			3.3.1 Construction
			3.3.2 Working Principle of Hydrothermal Method
			3.3.3 Pros and Cons of Hydrothermal Method
		3.4 Solvothermal Method
			3.4.1 Materials and Preparation
			3.4.2 Working Principle of Solvothermal Technique
			3.4.3 Pros and Cons of Solvothermal Technique
		3.5 Direct Oxidation Method
			3.5.1 Construction
			3.5.2 Working Principle of Direct Oxidation Technique
			3.5.3 Pros and Cons of Direct Oxidation Technique
		3.6 Sonochemical Method
			3.6.1 Construction
			3.6.2 Working Principle of Sonochemical Method
			3.6.3 Pros and Cons of Sonochemical Method
		3.7 Microwave Method
			3.7.1 Construction
			3.7.2 Working Principle of Microwave Method
			3.7.3 Pros and Cons of Microwave Method
		3.8 Chemical Vapor Deposition
			3.8.1 Construction
			3.8.2 Working Principle of Chemical Vapor Deposition
			3.8.3 Pros and Cons of Chemical Vapor Deposition
		3.9 Physical Vapor Deposition
			3.9.1 Construction
			3.9.2 Working Principle of Physical Vapor Deposition
			3.9.3 Pros and Cons of Physical Vapor Deposition
		3.10 Electrochemical Deposition
			3.10.1 Construction
			3.10.2 Working Principle of Electrochemical Deposition
			3.10.3 Pros and Cons of Electrochemical Deposition
		References
	4 Material Characterization Techniques
		4.1 Scanning Electron Microscope
			4.1.1 Fundamental Principles of Scanning Electron Microscopy
			4.1.2 Instrumentation and Working of Scanning Electron Microscopy
			4.1.3 Strengths and Limitations
		4.2 Scanning Tunneling Microscope
			4.2.1 Basic Principle of Scanning Tunneling Microscopy
			4.2.2 Construction and Working of Scanning Tunneling Microscopy
		4.3 Transmission Electron Microscopy
			4.3.1 Instrumentation and Working of Transmission Electron Microscope
			4.3.2 Strengths and Limitations
		4.4 X-Ray Diffraction
			4.4.1 Working of X-Ray Diffraction
			4.4.2 Data Interpretation in X-Ray Diffraction
			4.4.3 Applications of X-Ray Diffraction
			4.4.4 Strengths and Limitations
		4.5 Atomic Force Microscope
			4.5.1 Why Atomic Force Microscopy?
			4.5.2 Working of Atomic Force Microscope
			4.5.3 Modes of Operation
			4.5.4 Mechanism of Feedback Loop
			4.5.5 Limitations
		4.6 Surface Composition
			4.6.1 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy
			4.6.2 Fundamental Principle and Working of X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy
			4.6.3 Data Interpretation
			4.6.4 Quantitative Analysis of X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy
			4.6.5 Limitations of X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy
		4.7 Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy
			4.7.1 Instrumentation and Working of UV-Visible Spectroscopy
			4.7.2 Data Interpretation
			4.7.3 Strengths and Limitations
		References
	5 Fundamentals of Green Photocatalysis
		5.1 Introduction
		5.2 Green Energy
		5.3 Harnessing Solar Energy: Photosynthesis and Photocatalysts
		5.4 Advancements in Green Photocatalysis
			5.4.1 Solar-Powered Photocatalysis
			5.4.2 Metal Oxides
			5.4.3 Metal-Doped Oxides
			5.4.4 Plasmonic-Enhanced Photocatalysis
			5.4.5 Carbon-Based Photocatalysts
			5.4.6 Z-Scheme Photocatalysis
		5.5 Materials Employed in Environmentally Friendly Photocatalysis
		5.6 Summary
		References
Part II Applications
	6 Nanostructured Photocatalysts and Applications
		6.1 Introduction to Nanostructured Photocatalysts
			6.1.1 Fundamentals of Photocatalysis
			6.1.2 Types of Photocatalysts
		6.2 Operational Parameter’s Effect on Photocatalyst Efficiency
			6.2.1 Light Intensity
			6.2.2 Nature and Concentration of Substrate
			6.2.3 Nature and Concentration of Photocatalyst
			6.2.4 pH and Reaction Temperature
		6.3 Properties and Characteristics of Photocatalysts: Titania versus Other Photocatalysts
			6.3.1 Titania (TiO2)
		6.4 Preparation of Nanostructured Photocatalysts
			6.4.1 Ultrasonic Preparation of Nanostructured Photocatalysts
			6.4.2 Other Non-Conventional Synthesis Methodologies
		6.5 Hydrogen Production
			6.5.1 Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production
		6.6 Future Challenges and Prospects
			6.6.1 Difficulties in Synthesis of Nano-photocatalysts
			6.6.2 Photocatalysts Employed in Heterogeneous Photocatalysis
		References
	7 Wastewater Treatment
		7.1 Water Pollution and Sources of Water Pollution
			7.1.1 Direct Pollution
			7.1.2 Indirect Water Pollution
		7.2 Sources of Natural Runoff
			7.2.1 Rainwater
			7.2.2 Domestic Sewage
			7.2.3 Industrial Wastage
		7.3 Photocatalytic Degradation of Organic Pollutants in Water
			7.3.1 Photocatalyst Preparation
			7.3.2 Light Absorption
			7.3.3 Electron-Hole Pair Formation
			7.3.4 Reactive Oxygen Species Generation
			7.3.5 Catalyst Regeneration
		7.4 Factors Influencing Photocatalytic Degradation
			7.4.1 Effect of Dye Concentration
			7.4.2 Size and Structure of the Photocatalyst
			7.4.3 Effect of Light Intensity and Irradiation Time
			7.4.4 Effect of pH
			7.4.5 Effect of Catalyst Amount
		7.5 Water Treatment Methods
			7.5.1 Sonolysis
			7.5.2 Ozonolysis
			7.5.3 UV-Based Advanced Oxidation Processes
			7.5.4 Photo-Fento Reactions
			7.5.5 Other Advanced Oxidation Processes
			7.5.6 Photocatalysis
		7.6 Development of Nanomaterials as Adsorbent for Wastewater Treatment
			7.6.1 Nano-Adsorbents
			7.6.2 Activated Carbon
			7.6.3 Carbon Nanotubes
			7.6.4 Metal Oxide
			7.6.5 Nano Aluminum Oxides
		7.7 Photocatalytic Reactor
			7.7.1 Fundamental Constituents in the Design of Photocatalytic Reactors
		7.8 Types of Photocatalytic Reactors
			7.8.1 Slurry Photocatalytic Membrane Reactor
			7.8.2 Methods to Enhance Catalyst Efficiency
			7.8.3 Comparison of Photocatalytic Reactors
		7.9 Summary
		References
	8 Photocatalytic Carbon Dioxide Reduction
		8.1 Introduction
		8.2 Types of Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction
			8.2.1 Gas-Solid Systems
			8.2.2 Liquid-Solid Systems
			8.2.3 Photocatalytic Reaction Conditions of CO2 Reduction
		8.3 Photocatalysis and Photocatalytic Reduction of CO2 with H2O
			8.3.1 Photocatalytic Reactions and Mechanisms
			8.3.2 Measurement of Photocatalytic Efficiency
		8.4 Photocatalytic Materials for CO2 Reduction
			8.4.1 Semiconductor Materials for CO2 Photocatalytic Reduction
		8.5 Recent Developments of Novel Photocatalysts for CO2 Reduction
			8.5.1 Quantum Dots
			8.5.2 Metal Chalcogenides
			8.5.3 Nanostructured Metals
			8.5.4 Artificial Photosynthesis
		8.6 Photocatalytic CO2 Reactors
			8.6.1 TiO2-Based Photocatalytic CO2 Reactor
			8.6.2 ZnO-Based Photocatalytic CO2 Reactor
			8.6.3 Solar-Driven Photocatalytic CO2 Reactor
			8.6.4 Hybrid Photocatalytic Reactor for CO2 Conversion
		8.7 Summary
		References
	9 Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production
		9.1 Introduction
		9.2 Importance of Hydrogen as an Energy Carrier
			9.2.1 Clean Energy Generation and Energy Storage
			9.2.2 Transportation Fuel
			9.2.3 Grid Balancing and Load Shifting
			9.2.4 Carbon-Free Industrial Processes and Environmental Remediation
			9.2.5 Hydrogen Economy Advancement and Flexibility
		9.3 Role of Photocatalysis in Hydrogen Production
			9.3.1 Challenges
			9.3.2 Fundamentals of Photocatalysis
			9.3.3 Photocatalytic Reactions and Mechanisms
		9.4 Photocatalytic Materials for Hydrogen Production
			9.4.1 Semiconductor Materials for Photocatalysis
			9.4.2 Bandgap Engineering for Efficient Hydrogen Generation
			9.4.3 Two-Dimensional Materials as Photocatalysts for H2 Production
		9.5 Photocatalytic Mechanisms for Hydrogen Production
		9.6 Factors Influencing Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production
			9.6.1 Bandgap Energy
			9.6.2 Structure/Surface Area
			9.6.3 Light Source and Intensity
			9.6.4 Reaction Conditions
			9.6.5 Oxygen Vacancies
		9.7 Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production Systems
		9.8 Influence of System Units on Photocatalytic Performance
			9.8.1 Sacrificial Agent
			9.8.2 Catalyst
			9.8.3 Photosensitizer
			9.8.4 Solvent
		9.9 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
		References
	10 Future Prospects of Photocatalysis
		10.1 Commercialization of Photocatalysis for Wastewater Treatment
			10.1.1 Environmental Sustainability
			10.1.2 Rules and Regulations
			10.1.3 Awareness and Demand
			10.1.4 Low Budget
			10.1.5 Technological Challenges
			10.1.6 Economic and Market Challenges
			10.1.7 Future Prospects and Opportunities
			10.1.8 Emerging Trends and Applications
		10.2 Introduction to Photocatalysis for Hydrogen Generation
			10.2.1 Hydrogen Production
			10.2.2 Water Splitting
			10.2.3 Technological Challenges
			10.2.4 Economic Challenges
			10.2.5 Future Prospects
		10.3 Development of Photocatalytic CO2 Reactors
			10.3.1 Introduction
			10.3.2 Foundations of CO2 Photoconversion
			10.3.3 Future Prospects and Opportunities
		10.4 Summary
		References
Index