Introduction to Pandemic Influenza

Contents......Page 6
Contributors......Page 11
Editor Biographies......Page 13
Foreword......Page 14
Acknowledgements......Page 18
C......Page 19
E......Page 20
L......Page 21
P......Page 22
R......Page 23
Z......Page 24
1.1 Pandemic and Seasonal Influenza are Related Diseases......Page 26
1.3 Clinical Features......Page 28
1.5 Burden of Illness and Clinical Attack Rates......Page 29
1.6 Influenza in Children......Page 30
1.8 Excess Mortality......Page 31
1.9 High-risk Illnesses......Page 32
1.10 Nosocomial Infection and Outbreaks in Semi-closed Communities......Page 33
1.11 Surveillance Data on Seasonal Influenza and Pandemic Needs......Page 34
1.13 Summary Points......Page 37
2.2 The Virus......Page 39
2.3 Nomenclature......Page 42
2.4 Replication......Page 43
2.5 The Immune Response......Page 46
2.6 The Variable Virus......Page 48
2.7 Pandemics......Page 50
2.8 Summary Points......Page 51
3.2 Avian Influenza in Wild and Domesticated Birds......Page 53
3.3 Influenza in Other Species......Page 56
3.4 Avian Influenza in Man......Page 58
3.5 Managing the Human and Public Health Consequences of Avian Influenza in Poultry......Page 62
3.6 Pandemic Preparedness......Page 63
3.7 Summary Points......Page 64
4.3 Pandemics before the 20th Century......Page 66
4.4 Influenza Pandemics of the 20th Century......Page 69
4.6 Re-emergence of Influenza A/H1N1 in 1977......Page 77
4.8 Will an Avian Influenza Virus Cause a Future Pandemic?......Page 78
4.10 Summary Points......Page 79
5.1 Introduction......Page 82
5.3 What is Unknown about Influenza Transmission?......Page 83
5.4 What can Reasonably be Deduced about Influenza Transmission?......Page 84
5.5 Modes of Transmission of Infection......Page 85
5.6 Infection Control Precautions to Counteract Transmission......Page 86
5.9 Influenza Transmission: the Evidence For and Against the Different Modes of Transmission......Page 87
5.11 Counteracting Transmission......Page 90
5.12 Aerosol-generating Procedures......Page 94
5.13 Translating Evidence on Transmission into Practical Advice......Page 95
5.14 Unresolved Questions for Further Research......Page 96
5.15 Summary Points......Page 97
6.1 Introduction......Page 99
6.2 Emergency Preparedness and Business Continuity Planning......Page 100
6.4 Background to the Role of Exercises in Pandemic Preparedness......Page 102
6.5 Types of Exercise......Page 104
6.6 Potential Problems in the Design of Pandemic Influenza Exercises......Page 107
6.7 Lessons Identified......Page 109
6.9 Summary Points......Page 110
7.1 What is Modelling?......Page 112
7.2 How Bad Might a Pandemic Be?......Page 113
7.3 What Might Work?......Page 114
7.4 What Do the Models Look Like?......Page 115
7.6 Real-time Modelling......Page 117
7.8 Conclusion......Page 121
7.9 Summary Points......Page 122
8.2 Antiviral Drugs......Page 123
8.3 Antibiotics......Page 136
8.5 Summary Points......Page 140
9.1 Introduction......Page 143
9.2 Seasonal Influenza Vaccines: the Basis for Pandemic Vaccine Development and Production......Page 144
9.3 The Key Challenges of Pandemic Vaccine Development and Production......Page 149
9.4 Current Status of Pandemic Vaccine Development and Future Prospects......Page 151
9.5 Vaccination Policies and Pandemic Preparedness......Page 154
9.6 The Impact of Pandemic Influenza on Seasonal Influenza Vaccines......Page 157
9.8 Summary Points......Page 158
10.2 Rationale and Objectives......Page 161
10.3 Effectiveness and Secondary Effects......Page 163
10.5 The Measures......Page 164
10.6 Summary Points......Page 180
11.1 Introduction......Page 182
11.2 Human Health Impacts......Page 183
11.3 Financial Costs......Page 184
11.4 Industrial Impacts......Page 186
11.5 Societal Maintenance and Breakdown......Page 189
11.6 Health and Social Care Capacity......Page 192
11.8 Summary Points......Page 194
12.1 Introduction......Page 196
12.3 Global Issues and the Role of the World Health Organization......Page 197
12.4 Voluntary and Mandatory Non-medical Measures......Page 198
12.5 Health Professionals' Duty of Care......Page 200
12.6 Prioritization and Access to Healthcare......Page 202
12.7 National Approaches to Ethical Issues......Page 204
12.8 Summary Points......Page 205
13.1 Introduction......Page 207
13.2 Getting the Message Across......Page 208
13.3 World Health Organization Principles for Outbreak Communication......Page 209
13.4 Media Communications......Page 210
13.5 Spokespeople and Trust......Page 211
13.6 A Varied Communications Strategy......Page 212
13.8 Recovery Phase......Page 213
13.9 Local Communications......Page 215
13.10 Internal Communications......Page 216
13.12 Summary Points......Page 217
14.1 Introduction......Page 219
14.4 Misconceptions of Risk......Page 220
14.6 Travel Restrictions......Page 221
14.8 Generic Communicable Disease Control Applied to Pandemic Influenza......Page 222
14.9 Management of Pandemic Influenza at Ports......Page 223
15.2 Understanding the Burden of Influenza......Page 227
15.4 Non-pharmaceutical Measures (Use of Public Health Interventions)......Page 228
15.6 Conclusions......Page 229
16.1 Introduction......Page 231
16.3 Understanding the Burden of Influenza......Page 232
16.7 International Health Regulations......Page 233
16.8 Conclusions......Page 234
Conclusion......Page 235
A......Page 236
C......Page 237
I......Page 238
O......Page 239
S......Page 240
V......Page 241
Z......Page 242