Introduction to Optical and Optoelectronic Properties of Nanostructures

Cover......Page 1
Front Matter
......Page 2
Introduction to Optical and Optoelectronic Properties
of Nanostructures......Page 3
Copyright
......Page 4
Contents
......Page 5
Preface
......Page 8
1
Some Trends in Optoelectronics......Page 12
Semiconductors......Page 20
Ionic Crystals......Page 23
Covalent Crystals......Page 24
Crystal Lattices......Page 25
An Electron in a Crystalline Potential......Page 29
The Holes......Page 31
Symmetry of Crystals and Properties of Electron Spectra......Page 32
Direct-Bandgap and Indirect-Bandgap Semiconductors......Page 36
Band Structures of Semiconductor Alloys......Page 38
Band-Offsets at Heterojunctions......Page 39
Graded Semiconductors......Page 41
Lattice-Matched and Lattice-Mismatched Materials......Page 42
Valence Matching......Page 43
Lattice-Matched Materials......Page 45
Lattice-Mismatched Materials......Page 46
Lattice-Matched and Pseudomorphic Heterostructures......Page 48
Lattice-Matched III–V Heterostructures......Page 50
Wide-Bandgap Materials and Heterostructures......Page 51
Quantum Dots......Page 56
Two-Dimensional Monolayer Crystals......Page 61
Closing Remarks to Chapter 2......Page 67
Control Questions......Page 69
Introduction......Page 71
Wave Functions and  Energy Subbands......Page 72
The Density of States of a Two-Dimensional Electron Gas......Page 79
Electrons in Single- and Few-Monolayer Crystals......Page 80
Basic Electronic Properties of Graphene......Page 81
Two-Dimensional Transition-Metal Dichalcogenide Crystals......Page 86
Black Phosphorus of Thickness a Few Monoatomic Layers......Page 89
Quantum Wires......Page 91
Wave Functions and Energy Subbands......Page 92
The Density of States for a  One-Dimensional Electron Gas......Page 94
Quantum Dots......Page 95
Wave Functions and Energy Levels......Page 96
The Density of States for Zero-Dimensional Electrons......Page 100
Coupling between Quantum Wells......Page 101
Double-Quantum-Well Structures......Page 102
Two-Monolayer Crystals......Page 106
Superlattices......Page 109
Wave Functions and Energy Dispersion in Superlattices......Page 111
The Density of States......Page 114
Excitons......Page 115
Excitons in Quantum Wells......Page 119
Nanostructure-Based Materials Are Reconfigurable Nanomaterials......Page 125
Control Carrier Concentration in Quantum Structures......Page 126
Asymmetrically Doped Double-Quantum-Well Structures......Page 130
Reconfigurable Nanomaterials Based on Quantum Dots......Page 131
Closing Remarks to Chapter 3......Page 133
Control Questions......Page 135
Electromagnetic Waves and Photons......Page 136
Electromagnetic Fields, Modes, and Photons in Free Space......Page 138
Photons in Nonuniform Dielectric Media......Page 142
Optical Resonators......Page 143
Photon Statistics......Page 146
Photon Absorption and Emission......Page 147
Calculation of Phototransition Probabilities......Page 150
Optical Properties of Bulk Semiconductors......Page 153
Interband Emission and Absorption in Bulk Semiconductors......Page 155
Spectral Density of Spontaneous Emission......Page 162
Phototransitions in Semiconductors with Complex Band Structure......Page 163
Excitonic Effects......Page 167
Optical Properties of Group-III Nitrides......Page 170
Refractive Index......Page 174
Control Questions......Page 177
Optical Properties of Quantum Structures......Page 179
Electrodynamics of Heterostructures......Page 180
Light Absorption by Confined Electrons......Page 183
Effects of the Complex Valence Band of III–V Compounds......Page 187
Other Factors Affecting the Interband Optical Spectra......Page 189
Polarization Effects......Page 191
Intraband Transitions in Quantum Structures......Page 193
Intraband Absorption and Conservation Laws......Page 194
Intersubband Phototransitions......Page 195
Phototransitions to Extended States......Page 202
Optical Properties of Two-Dimensional (Few-Monolayer) Crystals......Page 204
Optics of Graphene and Bigraphene......Page 205
The Optics of Transition-Metal Dichalcogenides......Page 210
The Optics of Quantum Dots......Page 216
Closing Remarks to Chapter 5......Page 219
Control Questions......Page 220
Introduction......Page 222
Electro-Optical Effects in Conventional Materials......Page 223
Electro-Optical Effects in Quantum Wells......Page 226
Electro-Optical Effects in Superlattices......Page 232
Terahertz Coherent Oscillations of Electrons in an Electric Field......Page 236
Linear and Nonlinear Optics......Page 239
Optical Nonlinearities in Quantum Wells......Page 241
Virtual, Field-Induced Mechanism of Nonlinear Optical Effects......Page 242
Nonlinear Optical Effects Due to Generation of Excitons and Electron–Hole Plasma......Page 243
Nonlinear Effects Induced by Nonthermalized Electron–Hole Plasma......Page 248
Plasmonics and its Peculiarities in Nanostructures......Page 249
The Dielectric Permittivity of a Free-Electron Gas......Page 250
Plasmons in Metals......Page 251
Surface Plasmon-Polaritons at Dielectric/Metal Interfaces......Page 253
Plasmons in Low-Dimensional Systems......Page 259
Localized Surface Plasmons and Field-Enhancement Effects......Page 265
Closing Remarks to Chapter 6......Page 268
Control Questions......Page 269
Light Amplification in Semiconductors......Page 271
Criteria for Light Amplification......Page 272
Estimates of Light Gain......Page 275
Methods of Pumping......Page 276
Motivations for Using Heterostructures for Light Amplification......Page 282
Light Amplification in Quantum Wells, Quantum Wires, and Quantum Dots......Page 286
Light-Emitting Diodes......Page 290
Amplification, Feedback, and Laser Oscillations......Page 294
Laser Output Power and Emission Spectra......Page 297
Modulation of the Laser Output......Page 300
Quantum Well Lasers......Page 303
Surface-Emitting Lasers......Page 307
Nitride-Based Light-Emitting Diodes......Page 308
Methods of Enhancement of Hole-Injection Currents in Group-III-Nitride Heterostructures......Page 315
Short-Wavelength Laser Diodes......Page 321
Quantum Wire and Quantum Dot Emitters and Lasers......Page 328
Quantum Wire Lasers......Page 329
Quantum Dot Emitters......Page 333
Closing Remarks to Chapter 7......Page 340
Control Questions......Page 341
Introduction......Page 342
Unipolar Intersubband Quantum-Cascade Lasers......Page 343
Terahertz Cascade Lasers......Page 347
Photodetectors Based on Intraband Phototransitions......Page 351
Photoconductive Detectors......Page 352
Intraband Phototransitions and Electron Transport in Multiple-Quantum-Well Structures......Page 354
Silicon Photonics......Page 360
Perspectives of Optoelectronic Devices Based on Two-Dimensional Crystals......Page 364
Voltage Control of Frequency Response in Asymmetrically Doped Double-Quantum-Well Based Photodetectors......Page 371
Control of Quantum-Dot-Based Detector Performance by Selective Doping......Page 374
Terahertz and Infrared Detectors Based on Graphene......Page 378
Control Questions......Page 381
Appendix A.
Basic Statements and Formulae of Quantum Physics......Page 383
Appendix B.
Tables of Units......Page 396
Appendix C.
List of Pertinent Symbols*......Page 399
Further Reading
......Page 401
Index......Page 411