Introduction to Nursing Informatics

Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
About the Editors and Contributors
Chapter 1: Introduction to Nursing Informatics
	1.1 Summary of Learning Tools and Supporting Resources Included In This Book
	1.2 Glossary
	1.3 Powerpoint Presentations
	1.4 Online Resources
	Glossary
	Appendix
		Example of Learning Plan
	References
Chapter 2: Connecting Health Immersion of Digital into eHealth
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 The Wider System
		2.2.1 Population Health Perspective
		2.2.2 eHealth and Digital
		2.2.3 Progress on Health and Social Care Delivery Goals 2010–2020
	2.3 The Organisation
	2.4 The Health Care Professional and Individual
		2.4.1 Strategy 1: Empowering and Engaging People and Communities
			Case Study for Strategy 1: The NEX Digital Transformation Feasibility Study
		2.4.2 Strategy 2: Strengthening Governance and Accountability
		2.4.3 Strategy 3: Reorienting the Model of Care
		2.4.4 Strategy 4: Coordinating Services Within and Across Sectors
		2.4.5 Strategy 5: Creating an Enabling Environment
	2.5 Interoperability and Risk
		2.5.1 What Is Interoperability and Why Is It Important
		2.5.2 Immersion of Digital in Connected eHealth
	2.6 Conclusion
	Glossary
	Appendix: Simulation Exercise and Review Questions
		Additional Scenarios Case Study
		Scenario Background 3
	References
Chapter 3: Nursing Informatics: A Core Competency for the Profession
	3.1 Historical Overview of Informatics
	3.2 Nursing Informatics CARE
		3.2.1 Connected Health
		3.2.2 Administration and Research
		3.2.3 Education
			An Inter-Professional Team
			Interoperability
			Patient Engagement
			Learning Health System
			Digital Tools
			Clinical Transformation
	3.3 Conclusion
	3.4 Review Questions
		3.4.1 Questions
		3.4.2 Answers
	Glossary
	References
Chapter 4: The Mechanics of Technology and Digital
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 What Is a “Computer”
		4.2.1 Hardware
			Random Access Memory (RAM)
			ROM (Read Only Memory)
			Operating Systems (OS)
			Networks
		4.2.2 Software
	4.3 Emerging Technologies for eHealth Solutions
		4.3.1 Service Orientated Architecture (SOA) and Web Services
		4.3.2 Cloud Computing
		4.3.3 Wireless Technologies and the Mobile Internet
	4.4 A Mobile Application within Health Care
	4.5 Conclusion
	Glossary
	References
Chapter 5: Health Information Exchange: The Overarching Role of Integrating the Healthcare Enterprise (IHE)
	5.1 Interoperability and Concepts
	5.2 Digital Health Strategy Efforts
		5.2.1 In the United States of America
		5.2.2 In Europe
	5.3 IHE (Integrating the Healthcare Enterprise) and IHE Methodology
		5.3.1 Benefits of the IHE Approach
		5.3.2 Integration Profiles: A Framework for Interoperability
		5.3.3 Connectathons®: Testing Interoperability and Conformance
		5.3.4 Conformity Assessment Scheme
		5.3.5 Gazelle Test Bed and IHE Services
	5.4 Examples of Deployment
		5.4.1 French Electronic Health Record Program
		5.4.2 Hôpitaux Universitaires de Genève, Medical Imaging Facilities
		5.4.3 Geneva, Switzerland: Shared Medication Treatment Plan
		5.4.4 HEALTH OPTIMUM Project, Veneto Research Center for eHealth Innovation,Veneto, Italy
		5.4.5 Keystone Health Information Exchange, Northeast Pennsylvania, USA
	5.5 Conformity Assessment Scheme: The EURO-CAS Case
		5.5.1 Introduction
		5.5.2 The Content
	5.6 Benefits for the eHealth Stakeholders
		5.6.1 Certification vs Conformity Assessment
	Glossary
	References
Chapter 6: Health Informatics Standards
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Defining Standards and Related Concepts
		6.2.1 What Is a Standard?
		6.2.2 Purpose of HI Standards
		6.2.3 Conformance
		6.2.4 Consensus or Evidence?
		6.2.5 ‘Recognized Body’
		6.2.6 Definition of an HI Standard
	6.3 HI Standards
		6.3.1 The Scope of Standards
		6.3.2 HI Standards for Clinicians
			Protection of Individuals and Organisations
			Data, Information and Knowledge
			Communication and Information Transfer
			Health and Care Records
			Clinical Coding and Terminology
			Clinical Systems and Applications
			The Future Direction of Healthcare
		6.3.3 Consumer Health Information Standards
		6.3.4 HI Standards for Informatics Specialists
	6.4 Standards Development and Review
		6.4.1 The ISO Standards Lifecycle
			Proposal
			Preparatory Stage
			Committee Stage
			Enquiry Stage
			Approval and Publication
			Implementation
			Review (Confirmation, Revision, Withdrawal)
		6.4.2 Standards Development Challenges
		6.4.3 Participation in Standards Development and Review
	6.5 Conclusion
	6.6 Clinical Pearls
	6.7 Review Questions
		6.7.1 Questions
		6.7.2 Answers
	Glossary
	References
Chapter 7: Nursing Documentation in Digital Solutions
	7.1 Recording and Evidencing Nursing Practice
	7.2 The Nursing Imperative
	7.3 The Information Future of Nursing Practice
	7.4 Evidencing Impact and Supporting Nursing Practice
	7.5 Leading Digital Transformation of Nursing Information Practice
	7.6 Capturing Nursing Data in a Digital Environment
	7.7 Unstructured Data
	7.8 Structured Data
	7.9 Coded Data
		7.9.1 Aggregation Terminologies (or Administrative Code Sets)
		7.9.2 Reference Terminologies (or Clinical Code Sets)
		7.9.3 Interface Terminology
	7.10 Standardised Terminologies in Nursing Practice
	7.11 Semi-structured Data
	7.12 Key Findings for Nursing on Clinical Data Types
	Glossary
	References
Chapter 8: Connected Health and the Digital Patient
	8.1 Technology Has Impacted Every Aspect of Our Lives
		8.1.1 Technology Has Changed the Experience and Expectations of Consumers
		8.1.2 The Empowered Consumer as the Empowered Patient
		8.1.3 Empowered Patients Have Better Health Outcomes
		8.1.4 Health Care Technology: Empowering Patients
		8.1.5 Gap Between Desired Patient-Empowering Technology and Availability
		8.1.6 International Progress
		8.1.7 Examples of Patient Empowering Technologies
	8.2 Health Information Technology and the Clinician
	8.3 Impact of Information Technology on Clinicians
	8.4 Considerations
		8.4.1 Privacy and Security
		8.4.2 Technology as a Further Barrier or an Enabler for Underserved Populations?
		8.4.3 The Digital Divide
		8.4.4 Unconscious Bias
		8.4.5 Digital Health Literacy
	8.5 Nurses Play a Key Role
	Glossary
	References
Chapter 9: Administrative Applications
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 The Nurse Manager Role
		9.2.1 Nursing Sensitive Outcomes
	9.3 Workloads
	9.4 Workload Measurement Tools
		9.4.1 Patient Assessment and Information System (PAIS)
		9.4.2 Diagnostic Related Groups (DRG) Nurse Costing Models
		9.4.3 Nursing Hours of Care per Patient Day (NHpPD)
		9.4.4 Nurse to Patient Ratios (Ratios)
		9.4.5 Commercial Software Packages
	9.5 Challenges for Nurse Managers
		9.5.1 Nursing Shortages and Workforce Trends
		9.5.2 Skills Mix
		9.5.3 Stress, Burnout and Fatigue
		9.5.4 Changes to Patient Care Needs
		9.5.5 Aging Workforce
		9.5.6 Communication
	9.6 Implications of Incorrect Staffing
	9.7 The Future
		9.7.1 Challenges
	9.8 Conclusion
	9.9 Review Questions
		9.9.1 Answers
	Glossary
	References
Chapter 10: Data Privacy and Security
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Why Patient Privacy Matters
	10.3 Definitions
	10.4 What Constitutes Personal Health Information?
	10.5 What Determines the Sensitivity of Personal Health Information?
	10.6 A Brief History of Informational Privacy
	10.7 Privacy Principles
	10.8 Privacy Policy
	10.9 Information Security Principles
	10.10 Limits to Privacy
	10.11 Privacy of Healthcare Providers
	10.12 The Role of Nurses in Maintaining the Privacy and Security of Personal Health Information
	10.13 Review Questions
		10.13.1 Answers
	Glossary
	References
Chapter 11: The Role of the Informatics Nurse
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Informatics as a Specialty in Nursing
	11.3 Specialty Preparation, Certification and Competencies
	11.4 Domains of Nurse Informatician Work
	11.5 Leadership
	11.6 ICT Life Cycle Management
	11.7 Health System Use
	11.8 Vendor Support
	11.9 Education
	11.10 Research
	11.11 Entrepreneurship
	11.12 Nurse Informatician Roles for the Future
	11.13 Review Questions
		11.13.1 Answers
	Glossary
	References
Chapter 12: Researching Nursing Informatics in a Digital Age
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Section 1: Steps in the Research Process
		12.2.1 Overview of the Nursing Research Process
		12.2.2 Step 1: Identify a Key Issue, Topic or Problem Relevant to Nurses
		12.2.3 Step 2: Conduct a Literature Review
		12.2.4 Step 3: Develop Research Questions That Address the Gaps Identified in the Literature
		12.2.5 Step 4: Select an Appropriate Theoretical Framework
		12.2.6 Step 5: Determine the Methods Required to Carry Out the Research
		12.2.7 Step 6: Collect the Research Data Based on the Methods Determined in Step 5
		12.2.8 Step 7: Perform Data Analysis
		12.2.9 Step 8: Interpret and Discuss the Results
		12.2.10 Step 9: Conduct Knowledge Translation Activities
	12.3 Section 2: How Nursing Informatics Can Be Used Throughout the Research Process
		12.3.1 Step 1: Identify a Key Issue, Topic or Problem Relevant to Nurses
		12.3.2 Step 2: Conduct a Literature Review
		12.3.3 Step 3: Develop Research Questions That Address the Gaps Identified in the Literature
		12.3.4 Step 4: Select an Appropriate Theoretical Framework
		12.3.5 Step 5: Determine the Methods Required to Carry Out the Research
		12.3.6 Step 6: Collect the Research Data Based on the Methods Determined in Step 5
		12.3.7 Step 7: Perform Data Analysis
		12.3.8 Step 8 Interpret and Discuss the Results
		12.3.9 Step 9: Conduct Knowledge Translation Activities
	12.4 Section: 3: Current and Future Opportunities for Nursing Informatics Research
	12.5 Conclusion
	12.6 Review Questions
		12.6.1 Answers
	Glossary
	References
Chapter 13: Applied Informatics Research in Nursing for eHealth
	13.1 Defining the Nursing Informatics Research Agenda for eHealth
		13.1.1 The Review Process
		13.1.2 Research Evidence Based on Nursing Informatics Research Agenda
		13.1.3 What Is This All About?
			User Needs
			Acquisition, Representation, and Storage of Data
			Informatics Support for Patients/Families/Consumers
			Informatics Support for Nursing and Healthcare
			Use of Telecommunications Technology for Nursing Practice
			Design and Evaluation Methodologies
	Glossary
	References
Chapter 14: Knowledge Networks in Nursing
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Communities of Practice
	14.3 Communities of Practice Revisited from Fourth Edition
	14.4 New Research Initiatives Influencing Knowledge Networks Through the Center for eIntegrated Care
	14.5 Conclusion
	Glossary
	References
Chapter 15: Technology Enabled Learning in Nursing
	15.1 Introduction
	15.2 Simulations
	15.3 Computer-Based Virtual Simulations
	15.4 Immersive Virtual Simulations
	15.5 Virtual Reality Devices
	15.6 Online Learning
	15.7 New Models of Education
	15.8 Connected Health
	15.9 Virtual Visits with Patients
	15.10 On the Horizon
	15.11 Summary
	Glossary
	References
Chapter 16: The Future of Nursing Informatics in a Digitally-Enabled World
	16.1 Introduction
	16.2 Current State
	16.3 Nursing’s Contemporary Relationship with Technology
	16.4 Conscious and Unconscious Normalization
	16.5 Conceptualizing the Future of Nursing
		16.5.1 Future Roles and Knowledge Required by Nurses
		16.5.2 Artificial Intelligence
		16.5.3 Robotic Process Automation
	16.6 Implications for Nurse Educators
	16.7 Implications for Nurse Leaders
	16.8 Implications for Nurse Researchers
	16.9 Differentiating Nursing Now and into the Future
	16.10 Conclusion
	Glossary
	References
Index