Introduction To Modern Physics

Introduction To Modern Physics......Page 1
International Series In Physics......Page 2
Half-Title......Page 3
Title-Page......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Dedication......Page 7
Preface......Page 9
Contents......Page 13
Introduction......Page 19
2. Thales of Miletus......Page 23
4. Philolaus......Page 24
5. Anaxagoras and Empedocles......Page 25
6. Democritus......Page 26
8. Aristotle......Page 27
10. Aristarchus......Page 32
12. From the Greeks to Copernicus......Page 33
13. The Copernican System......Page 34
1. The Growing Dissatisfaction with Author......Page 37
2. Galileo Galiei......Page 38
3. Tycho and Kepler......Page 47
4. The Experimental Method Spreads......Page 54
5. Sir Isaac Newton......Page 56
8. Heat during the Eighteenth Century......Page 70
9. Light during the Eighteenth Century......Page 71
10. Electricity during the Eighteenth Century......Page 73
1. Heat and Energy......Page 79
2. Light......Page 82
4. Michael Faraday......Page 86
5. Joseph Henry......Page 98
6. James Clerk Maxwell......Page 100
1. The Electrostatic System of Electrical Units......Page 108
2. The Electromagnetic System of Electrical Units......Page 110
3. Ratio of the Two Systems of Units......Page 111
4. Some Fundamental Formulae......Page 112
5. Maxwell’s Differential Equations of the Electromagnetic Field......Page 113
6. The Differential Equations of the Electromagnetic Wave......Page 124
7. The Electromagnetic Wave......Page 131
8. Flow of Energy in an Electromagnetic Wave......Page 133
9. The Electromagnetic Theory of Light......Page 138
10. The Discovery of Electromagnetic Wave......Page 140
11. The Refraction of Light......Page 141
12. The Dispersion of Light......Page 146
13. Summary......Page 151
Some References to the Electromagnetic Theory of Light......Page 152
1. The Magnetic Field Produced by a Moving Charge......Page 153
2. The Force Acting on a Charge Moving in a Magnetic Field......Page 156
3. The Energy Contained in the Magnetic Field Surrounding a Moving Charge......Page 157
4. The Energy Radiated by an Accelerated Charge......Page 158
5. Some Special Cases of Radiation by Accelerated Charges......Page 163
1. The Discovery by Hertz......Page 166
2. Some Early Experiments......Page 167
3. A Problem......Page 169
4. The Laws of Electrolysis......Page 170
5. Dispersion of Light......Page 172
6. The Zeeman Effect......Page 173
7. The Discovery of the Electron by Sir J. J. Thomson......Page 178
8. “ Photoelectrons ”......Page 185
9. Relation between Photoelectric Current and Intensity of Illumination of the Cathode......Page 187
10. Velocity Distribution Curves for Photoelectrons......Page 188
11. Relation between the Velocities of Photoelectrons and the Frequency of the Light......Page 192
12. Origin of the Photoelectrons......Page 195
13. Source of the Photoelectric Energy......Page 198
14. What Is the Photoelectric Mechanism ?......Page 200
15. The Photoelectric Effect and the Corpuscular Theory of Light......Page 203
1. Thermal Radiation......Page 207
2. Some Fundamental Concepts and Definitions......Page 209
3. The “ Black Body” and Its Properties......Page 213
4. Relation between Absorptivity and Emissive Power......Page 214
5. The Emissive Power of a Black Body......Page 217
6. Pressure of Radiation......Page 220
7. The Stefan-Boltzmann Law......Page 224
8. Experimental Verification of the Stefan-Boltzmann Law......Page 231
9. The Spectral Distribution of Black-body Radiation......Page 233
10. The Successes and the Failure of Classical Thermodynamics......Page 235
11. Degrees of Freedom and the Equipartition of Energy......Page 244
12. Relation between Energy per Degree of Freedom and Temperature......Page 248
13. The Rayleigh-Jeans Radiation Law......Page 251
14. Planck’s Radiation Law: The Birth of the Quantum Theory......Page 259
1. The Empirical Law of Dulong and Petit......Page 278
2. Variation of Atomic Heats of Solids with Temperature......Page 280
3. The Classical Theory of Specific Heats of Solids......Page 282
4. Einstein’s Theory of the Atomic Heats of Solids......Page 286
5. Characteristic Temperatures......Page 289
6. Characteristic Frequencies......Page 290
7. The Nernst-Lindemann Formula for Atomic Heats......Page 297
8. Debye’s Theory of Atomic Heats......Page 298
9. Further Considerations......Page 303
10. The Atomic Heat of Gases......Page 308
11. The Suppression of Degrees of Freedom......Page 315
9 Series Relations In Line Spectra......Page 319
1. Units and Methods of Measurement......Page 320
2. Early Search for Series Relations in Spectra......Page 322
3. Baimer’s Formula for the Hydrogen Spectrum......Page 325
4. Rydberg’s Formula for Spectral Series......Page 327
5. Relations between Series......Page 334
7. Relations between Doublet Series......Page 338
8. Relations between Triplet Series......Page 340
10. Combination Lines......Page 341
11. The Significance of Spectral-series Terms......Page 342
12. Spectral Series and Atomic Properties......Page 344
13. Enhanced or Spark Spectra......Page 348
14. Band Spectra......Page 350
15. Effect of External Physical Conditions on Spectral Lines......Page 351
1. Early Views on Atomic Structure......Page 360
2. The Thomson Atom......Page 361
3. The Scattering of Alpha Particles in Passing through Matter......Page 367
4. Rutherford’ s Nuclear Atom......Page 370
5. The Phase Integral......Page 376
6. Bohr’s Extension of the Nuclear Atom Model......Page 380
7. Further Successes of the Rutherford-Bohr Atom Model......Page 386
8 . Elliptical Orbits in Bohr’s Theory......Page 394
9. Fine Structure of Spectral Lines......Page 402
10. The Selection Principle......Page 410
12. The Absorption of Energy by Atoms......Page 413
13. Energy-level Diagrams......Page 426
14. Notation; Inner Quantum Numbers......Page 432
15. Molecular Spectra......Page 437
11 The Arrangement Of Electrons In Atoms......Page 442
1. The Inert Gases: Atomic Numbers and Properties......Page 443
2. Some Chemical Properties of the Lighter Elements......Page 448
3. The Heavier Elements......Page 455
4. The Problem of the Distribution of Electrons in Orbits......Page 463
5. Some Examples Illustrative of the Spectroscopic Method......Page 464
6. Inner Quantum Numbers......Page 472
7. Complete Distribution Schemes for All Elements......Page 475
1. Roentgen’s Discovery......Page 477
2. Some Early Experiments and Theories......Page 480
3. The Ether-pulse Theory of X-rays......Page 488
4. Characteristic Secondary Radiation......Page 497
5. The Crystal Diffraction Grating......Page 502
6. The Experiment of Friedrich, Knipping, and Laue......Page 508
7. The X-ray Spectrometer......Page 510
8. Bragg’s Discovery of Monochromatic Characteristic Radiations......Page 513
9. Moseley’s Law......Page 515
10. The Continuous X-ray Spectrum......Page 519
11. The Empirical Laws of the Absorption of X-rays......Page 527
12. Characteristic X-ray Spectra......Page 532
13. X-ray Energy-level Diagrams......Page 538
14. Fluorescence and the Photoelectric Effect......Page 541
15. The Scattering of X-rays; the Compton Effect......Page 547
16. The Refraction of X-rays......Page 558
1. Positive Rays......Page 566
2. Isotopes......Page 569
3. The Packing Effect......Page 577
4. Becquerel’s Discovery......Page 579
5. The Types of Radioactive Radiations......Page 580
6. Origin of the Rays......Page 585
7. The Radioactive Disintegration Series......Page 586
8. Gamma-ray Spectra......Page 588
9. Nuclear Energy Levels......Page 591
10. The S tructure of the Nuclei of the Radioactive Elements......Page 593
I(a) Atomic Numbers And Atomic Weights......Page 596
I(b) The Periodic Table, Giving Atomic Numbers And Isotopes......Page 600
I(c) Bohr's Periodic Table Of The Elements......Page 601
Arrangement Of Electrons In Orbits According To Foote......Page 602
Appendix III......Page 605
Some Important Constants......Page 606
Index......Page 607
Back Cover......Page 628