Introduction to Modern Optics

Cover......Page 1
iCover......Page 2
Title......Page 3
ISBN 0-486-65957-7......Page 4
Preface......Page 5
Contents......Page 7
CHAPTER 1: The Propagation of Light......Page 11
1.1 Elementary Optical Phenomena and the Nature of Light......Page 12
1.2 Electrical Constants and the Speed of Light......Page 13
Speed of Light in a Medium......Page 15
1.3 Plane Harmonic Waves. Phase Velocity......Page 17
Waves in One Dimension......Page 18
Waves in Three Dimensions......Page 19
Sources of Electromagnetic Waves......Page 20
The Complex Wave Function......Page 22
1.5 Group Velocity......Page 23
1.6 The Doppler Effect......Page 25
Relativity Correction to the Doppler Formula......Page 27
Doppler Broadening of Spectrum Lines......Page 28
PROBLEMS......Page 29
CHAPTER 2: The Vectorial Nature of Light......Page 31
2.1 General Remarks......Page 32
2.2 Energy Flow. The Poynting Vector......Page 34
2.3 Linear Polarization......Page 35
Partial Polarization......Page 37
2.4 Circular and Elliptic Polarization......Page 38
Elliptic Polarization......Page 41
Quarter-Wave Plate......Page 42
2.5 Matrix representation of Polarization. The Jones Calculus......Page 43
Orthogonal Polarization......Page 46
Eligenvectors of Jones Matrices......Page 47
2.6 Reflection and Refraction at a Plane Boundary......Page 48
2.7 Amplitudes of Reflected and Refracted Waves......Page 50
Fresnel\'s Equations......Page 53
External and Internal Reflection......Page 55
Fiber Optics and Optical Waveguides......Page 56
Brewster Window......Page 57
2.9 The Evanescent Wave in Total Reflection......Page 58
2.10 Phase Changes in Total Internal Reflection......Page 60
Fresnel\'s Rhomb......Page 61
2.11 Reflection Matrix......Page 62
PROBLEMS......Page 64
CHAPTER 3: Coherence and Interference......Page 67
3.1 The Principle of Linear Superposition......Page 68
3.2 Young\'s Experiment......Page 69
Alternatives Methods Demonstrating Interference......Page 71
3.3 The Mihhelsen Interferometer......Page 73
3.4 Theory of Partial Coherence. Visibility of Fringes......Page 76
3.5 Coherence Time and Coherence Length......Page 78
3.6 Spectral Resolution of a Finite Wave Train.Coherence and Line Width......Page 81
3.7 Spatial Coherence......Page 84
Measurement of Stellar Diameters......Page 88
3.8 Intensity Interferometry......Page 89
3.9 Fourier Transform Spectroscopy......Page 90
PROBLEMS......Page 92
CHAPTER 4: Multiple-Beam Interference......Page 95
4.1 Interference with Mutiplr beam......Page 96
4.2 The Fabry-Perot Interferometer......Page 100
4.3 Resolution of Fabry-Perot Instruments......Page 104
4.4 Theory of Muldilayer Films......Page 106
Autireflecting Films......Page 109
High-Reflectance Films......Page 110
PROBLEMS......Page 112
CHAPTER 5: Diffraction......Page 114
5.2 Fundamental Theory......Page 115
The Fresnel-Kirchhoff Formula......Page 117
Complementary Apertures. Babinet\'s Principle......Page 120
5.3 Fraunhofer and Fresnel Diffraction......Page 121
5.4 Fraunhofer Diffraction Patterns......Page 123
The Single Slit......Page 124
The Circular Aperture......Page 126
The Double Slit......Page 129
Multiple Slits. Diffraction Gratings......Page 131
Resctlving Power of a Grating......Page 132
5.5 Fresnel Diffraction Patterns......Page 134
Fresnel Zones......Page 135
Zone Plate......Page 137
Rectangular Aperture......Page 138
Slit and. Straightedge......Page 141
5.6 Applications of the Fourier Transform to Diffraction......Page 144
Apodizatlion......Page 147
Spatial Filtering......Page 148
Phase Contrast and Phase Gratings......Page 150
5.7 Reconstruction of the Wave Front by Diffraction, Holography......Page 153
Holographic Interferometry......Page 156
PROBLEMS......Page 157
CHAPTER 6: Optics of Solids......Page 160
6.2 Macroscopic Fields and Maxwell\'s Equations......Page 161
6.3 The General Wave equation......Page 163
6.4 Propagation of Light in Isotropic Dielectries. Dispersion......Page 164
6.5 Propagation of Light in Conducting Media......Page 169
6.6 Reflection and \"Refraction at the Boundary of an Absorbing Medium......Page 173
Normal Incidence......Page 177
6.7 Propagation of Light in Crystals......Page 178
Phase-Velocity Surface 2......Page 184
The Poynting Vector and the Ray Velocity......Page 186
The Ray-Velocity Surface......Page 187
6.8 Double Refraction at a Boundary......Page 189
Polarizing Prisms......Page 192
6.9 Optical Activity......Page 194
Susceptibility Tensor of an Optically Active Medium......Page 197
6.10 Faraday Rotation in Solids......Page 198
Kerr Electro-Optic Effect......Page 201
Thr Pockels Effect......Page 202
6.12 Nonlinear optics......Page 204
\"ROBLEMS......Page 208
CHAPTER 7: Thermal Radiation and Light Quanta......Page 211
7.2 Kirchhoff\'s Law. Blackbody Radiation......Page 212
7.3 Modes of Electromagnetic Radiation in Cavity......Page 215
7.4 Classical Theory of Blackbody Radiation. The Rayleigh-Jeans Formula......Page 218
7.5 Quantization of Cavity Radiation......Page 219
7.6 Photon Statistics. Planck\'s Formula......Page 220
7.7 The Photoelectric Effect and the Detection pf the Individual Photons......Page 225
7.8 Momentum of a Photon. Light Pressure......Page 226
7.9 Angular Momentum of a Photon......Page 227
7.10 Wavelength oil\' a Material Particle. de Broglie\'s Hypothesis......Page 228
7.11 Heisenberg\'s Uncertainty Principle......Page 229
PROBLEMS......Page 230
CHAPTER 8: Optical Spectra......Page 232
8.1 General Remarks......Page 233
8.2 Elementary Theory of Atomic Spectra......Page 234
The Bohr Atom and the Hydrogen Spectrum......Page 235
Effect of a Finite Nuclear Mas......Page 239
8.3 Quantum Mechanics......Page 240
Stationary States......Page 241
Coherent States......Page 242
8.4 The Schrodinger Equation......Page 243
8.5 Quantum Mechanics of the Hydrogen Atom......Page 244
Excited States......Page 246
Angular Momentum......Page 249
8.6 Radiative Transitions and Selectioii Rules......Page 250
Higher-Order Transitions......Page 255
8.7 Fine Structur of Spectrum Las Llectren Spm......Page 256
8.8 Multiplicity in the Spectra of Many-Electron.. Atoms. Spectroscopic Notation......Page 257
Selection Rules......Page 259
8.9 Molecular Spectra......Page 260
Rotational Energy Levels......Page 261
Variational Energy Levels......Page 263
Electronic Energy States in Molecules......Page 264
8.10 Atomic Energy Levels in Solids......Page 267
PROBLEMS......Page 268
CHAPTER 9: Amplification of Light. Lasers......Page 270
9.1 Introduction......Page 271
9.2 Stimulated Emission and Thermal Radlation......Page 272
9.3 Amplification in a Medium......Page 274
The Gain Constant......Page 275
The Gain Curve......Page 276
9.4 Methods of Producing F Population Inversion......Page 278
9.5 Laser Oscillation......Page 279
Threshold Condition for Oscillation......Page 281
9.6 Optical-resonator Theory......Page 282
Resonator Configuration. Stability......Page 285
Spot Size......Page 286
9.7 Gas Lasers......Page 288
The Helium-Neon Laser......Page 289
9.8 Optically Pumped Solid-State Lasers......Page 290
The Ruby Laser......Page 292
9.9 Dye Lasers......Page 293
9.11 Q-Switching and Mode Locking......Page 295
Mode Locking......Page 296
9.12 The Ring Laser......Page 297
PROBLEMS......Page 298
CHAPTER 10: Ray Optics......Page 300
10.1 Reflection and Refraction at a Spherical Surface......Page 301
Paraxial Approximation......Page 302
Single Thin Lens......Page 303
Thick Lens......Page 304
Spherical Aberration of a Single Lens......Page 305
10.3 Ray Equations......Page 306
10.4 Ray Matrices and Ray Vectors......Page 307
10.5 Periodic Lens Waveguides and Optical resonators......Page 309
PROBLEMS......Page 311
1.1 The Michelson-Morley Experiment......Page 313
1.2 Einstein\'s Postulates of Special Relativity......Page 316
1.3 Relativistic Effects in Optics......Page 317
The Relativistic Doppler Formula......Page 319
The Aberration of Starlight......Page 320
1.4 The Experiments of Sagnac and of Michelson and Gale to Detect Rotation......Page 322
REFERENCES......Page 324
ANSWERS TO SELECTED ODD-NUMBERED PROBLEMS......Page 326
Index......Page 329
Back Cover......Page 335