Introduction to mineralogy

Cover......Page 1
Introduction to Mineralogy......Page 2
Brief Contents......Page 6
Dedication......Page 7
Contents......Page 8
Preface......Page 16
Part One: Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry......Page 18
  Minerals......Page 20
  Mineralogy......Page 21
  General References on Mineralogy......Page 22
   Natural Resources......Page 23
   Medical Uses of Minerals......Page 24
  Box 1.1 Getting Started: Mineral Physical  Properties......Page 25
  References Cited and Suggestions for  Additional Reading......Page 27
  Introduction......Page 29
  Translational Symmetry:  Two Dimensions......Page 30
   Bravais Lattices and Crystal Systems......Page 31
   Inversion......Page 36
   Compound Symmetry Operations......Page 37
  The 32 Point Groups......Page 38
   Measurement of Crystal Angles......Page 39
   Determining Crystal System and  Crystal Class......Page 41
  Space Groups......Page 42
   Miller Indices......Page 44
   Indices and Crystal Axes in the Hexagonal Crystal System......Page 46
   Assigning Miller Indices by Inspection......Page 48
  Crystallographic Directions......Page 49
  Crystal Forms......Page 50
   Nonisometric Forms......Page 52
   Enantiomorphous Forms and Crystals......Page 53
   Triclinic Crystal System......Page 55
   Orthorhombic Crystal System......Page 56
   Tetragonal Crystal System......Page 57
   Hexagonal Crystal System......Page 58
   Isometric Crystal System......Page 62
  Crystal Habit......Page 63
  References Cited and Suggestions  for Additional Reading......Page 66
   Nucleus......Page 67
   Electrons......Page 68
   Formation of Ions......Page 70
  Abundance of the Elements......Page 75
   Valence-Related Bonding......Page 76
   Relation among Valence-Dependent Bonding......Page 80
   Bonds Involving Asymmetric Charge  Distribution......Page 82
  Size of Atoms and Ions......Page 84
  References Cited and Suggestions  for Additional Reading......Page 86
  Controls of Crystal Structure......Page 88
   Structure Controls with Metallic Bonding......Page 89
   Structure Controls with Ionic Bonding......Page 91
   Application of Pauling’s Rules......Page 97
  Polymorphism......Page 98
   Reconstructive Polymorphism......Page 99
   Order–Disorder Polymorphism......Page 100
  Mineral Classification......Page 101
   Substitution Solid Solution......Page 102
   Interstitial Substitution......Page 103
   Binary Diagrams......Page 104
  References Cited and Suggestions  for Additional Reading......Page 105
  Mineral Stability......Page 106
   Mineral Reactions......Page 107
   Single-Component Systems......Page 108
   Binary Systems......Page 109
   Homogeneous Nucleation......Page 114
   Rate of Growth......Page 116
   Zoned Crystals......Page 118
   Point Defects......Page 119
   Line Defects......Page 121
   Planar Defects......Page 122
  Twinning......Page 123
   Transformation Twinning......Page 126
   Recrystallization......Page 127
   Exsolution......Page 128
   Radioactivity and Minerals......Page 129
  Mineral Evolution......Page 131
  Biomineralization......Page 132
   Biologically Induced Mineralization......Page 134
   Biologically Controlled Mineralization......Page 135
  References Cited and Suggestions  for Additional Reading......Page 136
Part Two: Mineral Properties, Study, and Identification......Page 138
   Specific Gravity......Page 140
   Hardness......Page 142
   Cleavage......Page 143
   Parting......Page 144
   Perception of Color......Page 145
   Mineral Color......Page 146
   Streak......Page 151
   Luminescence......Page 152
  Magnetism......Page 153
   Ferrimagnetism......Page 154
   Electrical Conductivity......Page 155
   Piezoelectricity......Page 156
  Miscellaneous Properties......Page 157
  References Cited and Suggestions  for Additional Reading......Page 158
   Light Waves......Page 159
   Polarized Light......Page 160
   Reflection and Refraction......Page 161
   Illuminator......Page 163
   Microscope Stage......Page 164
   Oculars......Page 165
  Isotropic Materials......Page 166
  Anisotropic Minerals......Page 167
   Interference Phenomena......Page 168
   Use of the Interference Color Chart......Page 171
   Extinction......Page 172
   Function of Accessory Plates......Page 173
   Uniaxial Indicatrix......Page 175
   Biaxial Indicatrix......Page 179
   Uniaxial Minerals......Page 181
   Extinction Angle......Page 182
   Categories of Extinction......Page 183
  Interference Figures......Page 184
   Uniaxial Interference Figures......Page 185
   Biaxial Interference Figures......Page 189
   Immersion Method......Page 198
   Uniaxial Minerals......Page 202
   Observation in Plane-Polarized Light......Page 203
   Thin Section Identification......Page 204
   Grain Mount Identification......Page 205
  References Cited and Suggestions  for Additional Reading......Page 206
   X-Ray Generation......Page 207
  X-Ray Diffraction......Page 209
   Instrumental Output......Page 210
   Powder Diffraction File......Page 212
   Bragg Reflection Indices......Page 213
   Mixed Samples......Page 214
  References Cited and Suggestions for  Additional Reading......Page 215
   Electron Probe Microanalysis......Page 217
   Scanning Electron Microscopy......Page 220
   Mass Spectrometry......Page 222
   Conventions in Reporting Chemical Analyses......Page 223
  Conversion of Chemical Analyses to Structural Formulas......Page 224
  References Cited and Suggestions  for Additional Reading......Page 225
  Mineral Identification Tactics......Page 227
   Hand-Sample Identification......Page 228
   Polished Section Identification......Page 229
   Magnetic Separation......Page 230
  Mineral Association......Page 232
  References Cited and Suggestions  for Additional Reading......Page 233
Part Three: Mineral Descriptions......Page 234
  Silicate Structure and Classification......Page 236
  Igneous Rocks......Page 239
   Magmatic Processes......Page 243
   Igneous Environments......Page 244
  Terrigenous Sedimentary Rocks......Page 245
   Sedimentary Processes......Page 246
   Sedimentary Environments......Page 248
  Metamorphic Rocks......Page 249
   Metamorphic Variables......Page 250
   Metamorphic Grade, Facies,  Mineral Zone Boundaries, and Isograds......Page 251
   Major Compositional Groups of Metamorphic  Rocks......Page 253
   Metamorphic Environments......Page 254
  References Cited and Suggestions  for Additional Reading......Page 255
  Silica Group......Page 257
   Quartz......Page 258
  Box 12.1 Micro- and Non-Crystalline  Silica......Page 261
   Tridymite......Page 263
   Cristobalite......Page 264
   Opal......Page 265
   Composition......Page 266
   Al/Si Order–Disorder......Page 267
   Exsolution in the Feldspars......Page 270
   Twinning......Page 271
   Plagioclase......Page 272
   Alkali Feldspar......Page 278
   Microcline......Page 280
   Orthoclase......Page 281
   Sanidine......Page 282
   Nepheline......Page 283
   Sodalite......Page 285
  Zeolite Group......Page 286
   Scapolite......Page 291
  References Cited and Suggestions  for Additional Reading......Page 292
  Structure and Classification......Page 294
   1:1 Layer Silicates......Page 296
   2:1 Layer Silicates......Page 297
   Serpentine......Page 298
   Talc......Page 301
   Pyrophyllite......Page 302
   Muscovite......Page 303
   Biotite......Page 305
   Lepidolite......Page 307
   Glauconite......Page 308
   Margarite......Page 309
   Chlorite......Page 310
  Clay Minerals......Page 312
   Structure and Classification......Page 313
   Geology of Clay......Page 315
   Identification......Page 316
   Clay in the Environment......Page 317
   Stilpnomelane......Page 318
   Prehnite......Page 319
   Apophyllite......Page 320
  References Cited and Suggestions  for Additional Reading......Page 321
   Structure and Classification......Page 323
   Geology of Pyroxenes......Page 325
   Orthopyroxene......Page 327
   Pigeonite......Page 329
   Calcic Clinopyroxene......Page 330
   Aegirine, Aegirine–Augite......Page 331
   Jadeite......Page 333
   Omphacite......Page 334
   Spodumene......Page 335
   Wollastonite......Page 336
   Rhodonite......Page 337
   Pectolite......Page 338
   Structure and Classification......Page 339
   Geology of Amphiboles......Page 341
   Orthoamphibole......Page 343
   Cummingtonite–Grunerite......Page 344
   Tremolite–Ferro-Actinolite......Page 345
   Hornblende......Page 347
   Glaucophane–Riebeckite......Page 349
   Other Amphiboles......Page 350
  References Cited and Suggestions  for Additional Reading......Page 351
   Structure and Classification......Page 352
   Zoisite......Page 354
   Clinozoisite–Epidote......Page 355
   Allanite......Page 357
   Lawsonite......Page 358
   Pumpellyite......Page 359
   Structure and Classification......Page 360
   Beryl......Page 361
   Cordierite......Page 362
   Tourmaline......Page 364
  References Cited and Suggestions  for Additional Reading......Page 366
   Olivine......Page 367
   Garnet......Page 370
   Zircon......Page 373
  Aluminum Silicates......Page 374
   Andalusite......Page 376
   Sillimanite......Page 378
   Kyanite......Page 379
   Staurolite......Page 380
   Chloritoid......Page 382
   Titanite......Page 383
   Topaz......Page 384
  Additional Orthosilicates......Page 386
  References Cited and Suggestions  for Additional Reading......Page 387
  Carbonates......Page 388
  Rhombohedral Carbonates  (Calcite and Dolomite Groups)......Page 389
   Calcite......Page 391
  Box 17.1 Limestone and Dolostone......Page 393
   Magnesite......Page 394
   Rhodochrosite......Page 395
   Dolomite–Ankerite......Page 396
   Aragonite......Page 398
   Strontianite......Page 400
   Malachite......Page 401
   Azurite......Page 402
  Box 17.2 Evaporites......Page 403
   Gypsum......Page 404
   Anhydrite......Page 407
   Barite......Page 408
  Phosphates......Page 410
   Apatite......Page 411
   Monazite......Page 413
   Xenotime......Page 414
  Tungstates and Molybdates......Page 415
  Borates......Page 417
  References Cited and Suggestions  for Additional Reading......Page 418
   Cuprite......Page 419
   Ice......Page 420
  Box 18.1 Paleoclimate......Page 421
   Spinel Group......Page 422
   Magnetite......Page 423
  Box 18.2 Sedimentary Iron Formations......Page 425
   Spinel Series......Page 426
   Chrysoberyl......Page 427
   Hematite......Page 428
   Corundum......Page 429
   Ilmenite......Page 430
  XO2 Group......Page 431
   Rutile......Page 432
   Uraninite......Page 433
   Brucite......Page 434
   Iron Hydroxide Minerals......Page 435
   Aluminum Hydroxide Minerals......Page 436
   Manganese Oxide and Hydroxide  Minerals......Page 437
  Halides......Page 438
   Halite......Page 439
   Sylvite......Page 440
   Fluorite......Page 441
  References Cited and Suggestions  for Additional Reading......Page 442
   Crystal Chemistry and Classification......Page 443
   Hydrothermal Deposits......Page 444
   Supergene Processes......Page 446
  Sulfide Minerals......Page 448
   Sphalerite......Page 450
   Galena......Page 451
   Pyrrhotite......Page 452
   Chalcopyrite......Page 453
   Cinnabar......Page 454
   Pyrite......Page 455
   Marcasite......Page 457
   Molybdenite......Page 458
   Chalcocite......Page 459
  Sulfarsenides......Page 460
   Arsenopyrite......Page 461
  References Cited and Suggestions  for Additional Reading......Page 462
  Metals......Page 463
   Gold......Page 464
   Silver......Page 465
   Copper......Page 466
   Sulfur......Page 467
   Graphite......Page 468
  Box 20.1 Graphitic Carbon......Page 469
   Diamond......Page 470
  References Cited and Suggestions  for Additional Reading......Page 472
 Appendix A: Effective Ionic Radii of the Elements......Page 474
  Table B.1 Determinative Table for Non-metallic Minerals with White, Gray, or Other Pale-Colored Streak......Page 480
  Table B.3 Minerals with Metallic and Submetallic Luster......Page 485
  Table B.4 Specific Gravity......Page 486
  Table B.6  Selected Minerals That Are Ferromagnetic and Ferrimagnetic......Page 487
  Table B.8 Color of Minerals in Thin Section and Grain Mount......Page 488
  Table B.10 Indices of Refraction of Uniaxial Minerals......Page 490
  Table B.11 Indices of Refraction of Biaxial Negative Minerals Arranged in Order of Increasing nβ......Page 491
  Table B.12 Indices of Refraction of Biaxial Positive Minerals Arranged in Order of Increasing nβ......Page 493
  Table B.14 Colors Exhibited by Opaque Minerals in Polished Section Viewed in Air......Page 494
  Table B.15 Opaque or Nearly Opaque Minerals That Display Internal Reflections with Reflected Light......Page 495
  Table C.1 Mineralogy of Common Igneous Rocks......Page 496
  Table C.3 Mineralogy of Common Metamorphic Rocks......Page 497
  Table C.4 Mineralogy of Hydrothermal Sulfide Deposits......Page 498
Mineral Index......Page 500
Subject Index......Page 504
Periodic Table of the Elements......Page 514