Introduction to Logic and Critical Thinking

Preface to the Sixth Edition......Page 9
Table of Contents in Brief......Page 13
Table of Contents......Page 15
Ch 1: Introduction to Arguments......Page 25
I. Introduction......Page 26
II. Arguments and Logic......Page 35
III. Recognizing Arguments......Page 38
IV. Extended Arguments......Page 46
V. Reconstructing Arguments......Page 50
VI. Review......Page 62
Ch 2: Paying Special Attention to the Language of Arguments......Page 71
II. Ambiguity......Page 72
III. Vagueness......Page 77
IV. Definitions......Page 80
V. Use and Mention......Page 95
VI. Review......Page 96
Ch 3: Deductive Arguments, Inductive Arguments, and Fallacies......Page 101
I. Introduction......Page 102
II. Deductive Arguments......Page 104
III. Inductive Arguments......Page 115
IV. Fallacies......Page 122
V. Review......Page 126
Ch 4: A Closer Look at Inductive Arguments......Page 133
I. Introduction......Page 134
II. Statistical Syllogisms......Page 135
III. Arguments from Analogy......Page 155
IV. Arguments Based on Samples......Page 168
VI. Pro and Con Arguments......Page 180
VII. Review......Page 182
Ch 5: Causal Arguments......Page 191
I. Introduction......Page 192
II. Mill's Methods for Establishing Causes......Page 193
III. Controlled Experiments......Page 210
IV. Different Uses of "Cause"......Page 218
V. Hume's Analysis of Causation......Page 224
VI. Causal Fallacies......Page 227
VII. Review......Page 234
Ch 6: Probabilities and Inductive Logic......Page 241
I. Introduction......Page 242
II. The Rules of Probability......Page 247
III. Using Probabilities to Plan a Course of Action-Decision Theory......Page 256
IV. Review......Page 270
Ch 7: Confirmation of Hypotheses......Page 278
I. Hypotheses......Page 279
II. The Hypothetico-Deductive Method......Page 280
III. Complexities in the Hypothetico-Deductive Method......Page 282
IV. Incremental Confirmation and Absolute Confirmation......Page 295
V. Disconfirmation......Page 298
VI. Bayesian Confirmation......Page 308
VII. Review......Page 316
Ch 8: Deductive Reasoning-Sentential Logic......Page 321
II. Properties of Deductive Arguments: Validity and the Importance of Logical Form......Page 322
III. Conditional Sentences......Page 325
IV. Two Conditional Argument Forms......Page 332
V. Fallacies Associated with These Conditional Forms......Page 336
VI. Additional Forms of Sentential Arguments......Page 341
VII. Symbolizing Connectives......Page 350
VIII. Symbolizing English Sentences......Page 352
IX. Determining the Truth Values of Compound Sentence Forms......Page 356
X. Determining the Validity or Invalidity of Argument Forms......Page 357
XI. Tautologies, Self-Contradictions, and Contingent Sentences......Page 368
XII. Review......Page 371
Ch 9: Categorical Syllogisms......Page 374
I. Introduction......Page 375
II. Categorical Sentences......Page 376
III. Translating English Sentences into Standard Categorical Forms......Page 385
IV. Testing for Validity with Venn Diagrams......Page 391
V. Distribution of Terms-Fallacies of Distribution......Page 398
VI. Other Ways to Test the Validity of Syllogisms......Page 400
VII. Reducing the Number of Terms in Syllogisms......Page 403
VIII. Reconstructing Ordinary-Language Arguments as Syllogisms......Page 405
IX. Quasi-Syllogisms and Sorites......Page 407
X. Review......Page 410
Ch 10: Quantifiers and Arguments in Which Validity Depends on Relationships......Page 415
II. Examples of Relational Arguments......Page 416
III. Important Properties of Relationships......Page 417
IV. Using Quantifiers to Express Relationships......Page 419
V. Symbolizing Arguments......Page 429
VI. Review......Page 431
Appendix One: Proof Method for Truth-Functional Logic......Page 435
I. Introduction......Page 436
II. The Proof Method......Page 438
III. Justifying the Rules of Inference......Page 443
Appendix Two: Index of Fallacies......Page 449
Bibliography......Page 455
Answers to Even-Numbered Exercises......Page 461
Index......Page 519