Introduction to Linguistics

The nature of human languages......Page 8
Compositionality......Page 9
One more fundamental: ``flexibility''......Page 11
Summary......Page 12
Questions:......Page 13
Phonetics......Page 14
Speech sounds......Page 15
Articulation and transcription......Page 17
Explaining the sounds of human languages......Page 23
Looking ahead: articulatory processes......Page 24
Summary......Page 25
Aspirated voiceless stops......Page 26
Vowel shortening......Page 28
Flapping......Page 29
The new picture, and remaining questions......Page 31
Phonemes and rules of variation......Page 32
Minimal pairs......Page 33
Phonological rules......Page 34
Ordering the rules......Page 36
Phonologies vary......Page 38
Summary......Page 39
Phonotactics, syllables, stress......Page 40
Syllables......Page 41
Syllables 1: feature agreement......Page 44
Syllables 2: the Sonority Principle......Page 45
Stress (briefly!)......Page 46
Reflecting on the big picture: Speech perception......Page 47
Summary......Page 48
Words, morphemes, roots, and affixes......Page 50
Syntactic atoms......Page 52
Roots + affixes......Page 53
English morphological rules......Page 55
Morphology and phonology......Page 58
Summary......Page 59
phonetics and phonology......Page 62
morphology......Page 63
English stress......Page 64
Reduplication......Page 65
Summary......Page 66
productive affixation......Page 68
productive compounding......Page 69
Parts of speech, syntactic atoms......Page 71
Categories and ``finest'' categories......Page 73
Substitutions and Phrases......Page 74
Manipulations......Page 75
More consituency tests......Page 78
Determiner phrases: first thoughts......Page 79
Summary......Page 81
Arguments of VP introduced......Page 84
Modifiers in VP......Page 86
Syntactic rules......Page 88
Arguments in PP, NP and AP......Page 89
Summary......Page 90
C(ategorial)-selection......Page 92
c-selection of clauses......Page 94
Auxiliary verbs......Page 96
Case......Page 98
Interim Summary......Page 99
Wh-questions......Page 100
Yes/no-questions......Page 101
Summary......Page 103
The variety of clauses......Page 104
Auxiliaries, Negation and the verb DO......Page 106
Subject-Auxiliary inversion again......Page 109
Wh-questions reviewed......Page 110
Infinitive clauses reviewed......Page 111
Passive sentences......Page 112
What it all means......Page 116
Compositional semantics......Page 117
Determiners and nouns......Page 119
Adjectives......Page 120
The simple semantics more concisely......Page 121
What relations can determiners represent?......Page 124
Decreasing determiners and NPIs......Page 125
Exercises not assigned, just for practice......Page 128
Names, pronouns and binding......Page 130
Summary......Page 132
Phonetics......Page 134
Phonology......Page 135
Morphology......Page 137
Syntax......Page 138
Semantics......Page 140
Example1: using the structures to take a new step......Page 142
Phones, phonemes, and phonological rules......Page 143
Syntax: like......Page 144
Syntax: a clausal complement of want......Page 145
Contraction: wanna......Page 146
Summary summary......Page 147