Introduction to Limnology

Title
Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction to Limnology
	Limnology Defined
	Early Landmarks in Limnology
		Key Early Inventions and Techniques
			Aquatic Organisms
			Plankton Nets
			Vertical Temperature Profile
			Oxygen Concentration
			Contour Maps
		Limnological Textbooks
	Names of Bodies of Inland Water
	Environmentalism and/or Traditional Science in Limnology
	The Role of Modeling and Statistical Thinking in Limnology
		Modeling
		Descriptive Models
	Predictive Models
	Hypothesis Testing
	Mesocosms and Whole-Lake Experiments
	The Role of Field Stations
	The Role of Journals and Associations
	The Organizational Scheme of the Presentation of Limnology in This Text
	Measuring Units Used in Limnology
	Study Guide
Chapter 2 Setting the Stage: Water as an Environment
	The Diversity of Limnological Organisms
	Fundamental Characteristics of Water as a Substance
		Molecular Shape
		Polarity
		Viscosity
		Surface Tension
		Solvent
			Solubility of Gases
			Dissociation and pH
			Redox Potential
			Chemicals Dissolved in Water
		Density
		Heat
		Cooling and Evaporation
		Summary of Critical Limnological Numbers
	Vertical Stratification in Lakes
		Vertical Profiles of Temperature
			Measurement of Temperature in Lakes
			Patterns of Vertical Temperature Profiles
			Annual Mixing Patterns
			Ice Cover and Lake Size
		Vertical Profiles of Oxygen
			Measurement of Oxygen in Lakes
			Patterns of Vertical Oxygen Profiles
		Vertical Profiles of Light
			Measurement of Light in Lakes
			Pigments
			Scattering
			Absorbance
		Vertical Profiles of Living Organisms
			Algae Patterns
			Macrophyte Patterns
			Bacteria Patterns
			Zoobenthos Patterns
			Zooplankton Patterns
			Fish Patterns
		Vertical Profiles of Primary Productivity
		Interaction of Heat and Light with Organisms
	Water Movements
		Diffusion
		Mass Transport
			Laminar Flow and Zero Flow
			Turbulent Flow
			Reynolds Number
			Horizontal Currents
		Periodic Movements
			Surface (Progressive) Waves
			Seiches (Standing Waves)
			Lunar Tides
	Study Guide
Chapter 3 Diversity of Aquatic Organisms: The Single-Celled and Colonial Organisms
	Size
	Prokaryotes (Bacteria and Archaea)
		Taxomony and Diversity
		External Structure, Appearance, and Anatomy
		Habitat
		Swimming and Escape Behavior
		Feeding Preferences and Behavior
		Life Cycle and Diapause
		Economic Importance and Management
	Protista
		Taxomony and Diversity
		External Structure, Appearance, and Anatomy
			Ciliophora
			Rhizopoda
			Actinopoda
			Zoomastigophora
			Euglenophyta
			Chlorophyta (Green Algae)
			Cryptophyta (Cryptomonads)
			Dinoflagellata
			Chrysophyta (Golden-Brown Algae)
			Apicomplexa
		Habitat
		Swimming and Escape Behavior
		Feeding Preferences and Behavior
		Life Cycle and Diapause
		Economic Importance and Management
	Fungi
		Taxonomy and Diversity
		External Structure, Appearance, and Anatomy
		Habitat
		Swimming and Escape Behavior
		Feeding Preferences and Behavior
		Life Cycle and Diapause
		Economic Importance and Management
	Study Guide
	The Diversity of Limnological Organisms
		Taxonomy and Diversity
		External Structure, Appearance, and Anatomy
		Habitat
		Swimming and Escape Behavior
		Feeding Preferences and Behavior
		Life Cycle and Diapause
		Economic Importance and Management
Chapter 4 Diversity of Aquatic Organisms: Rotifers, Annelids, and Arthropods
	The Small Invertebrates
	Rotifers
		Taxonomy and Diversity
		External Structure, Appearance, and Anatomy
		Habitat
		Swimming and Escape Behavior
		Feeding Preferences and Behavior
		Life Cycle and Diapause
		Economic Importance and Management
	Annelida (Oligochaeta)
		Taxonomy and Diversity
		External Structure, Appearance, and Anatomy
		Habitat
		Swimming and Escape Behavior
		Feeding Preferences and Behavior
		Life Cycle and Diapause
		Economic Importance and Management
	Branchiopods
		Taxonomy and Diversity
		External Structure, Appearance, and Anatomy
		Habitat
		Swimming and Escape Behavior
		Feeding Preferences and Behavior
		Life Cycle and Diapause
		Economic Importance and Management
	Copepods
		Taxonomy and Diversity
		External Structure, Appearance, and Anatomy
		Habitat
		Swimming and Escape Behavior
		Feeding Preferences and Behavior
		Life Cycle and Diapause
		Economic Importance and Management
	Malacostracans
		Taxonomy and Diversity
		External Structure, Appearance, and Anatomy
		Habitat
		Swimming and Escape Behavior
		Feeding Preferences and Behavior
		Life Cycle and Diapause
		Economic Importance and Management
	Insects
		Taxonomy and Diversity
		External Structure, Appearance, and Anatomy
		Habitat
		Swimming and Escape Behavior
		Feeding Preferences and Behavior
		Life Cycle and Diapause
		Economic Importance and Management
	Study Guide
Chapter 5 Diversity of Aquatic Organisms: Larger Organisms
	The Larger Aquatic Animals and Plants
	Mollusks—Phylum Mollusca
		Taxonomy and Diversity
		External Structure, Appearance, and Anatomy
		Habitat
		Swimming and Escape Behavior
		Feeding Preferences and Behavior
		Life Cycle and Diapause
		Economic Importance and Management
	Fishes—Phylum Chordata, Subphylum Vertebrata
		Taxonomy and Diversity
		External Structure, Appearance, and Anatomy
		Habitat Swimming and Feeding Preferences
		Life Cycle and Diapause
		Economic Importance and Management
	Other Vertebrates—Classes Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves, and Mammalia
		Taxonomy and Diversity
		External Structure, Appearance, and Anatomy
		Habitat
		Swimming and Escape Behavior
		Feeding Preferences and Behavior
		Life Cycle and Diapause
		Economic Importance and Management
	Plants—Aquatic Macrophytes
		Taxonomy and Diversity
		External Structure, Appearance, and Anatomy Habitat
		Swimming and Escape Behavior
		Feeding Preferences and Behavior
		Life Cycle and Diapause
		Economic Importance and Management
	Study Guide
Chapter 6 Population Dynamics in Limnology: Population Size Changing with Time
	Change in Limnology
	Definition of Population Dynamics
		Distribution of a Population
		Estimating Population Size
		Stability
		Models of Population Dynamics
		Individual-Based Models
	The Exponential Population Growth Model
		Population Data Calculation
			Don Hall’s Surprise
		Age-Specific Models
		Exponential Population Growth and Invasion
	The Egg (or Seed) Bank Population Growth Model
	Biological Fitness and Population Growth Rate
	Life-History Strategy
		Seasonal Timing of Life History, Including Reproduction
		Size and Number of Offspring
		Age-Specific Energy Allocation Patterns— Reproduction, Growth, and Body Maintenance
		Rate of Population Growth versus Resting Egg Production
		Age of First Reproduction and Size- or Age- Selective Predation
		Life Span
		Life-History Adaptations
	Transition
	Study Guide
Chapter 7 Community Ecology: Species Interactions and Community Structure
	The Community Concept
		General Community Definitions
		Community Building Blocks
			Guild Concept
			Functional Species Group Concept
			Morphological Species Concept
			Biological Species Concept
			Molecular Species Concept
			Clone Concept
	Major Aquatic Communities
		Lake Communities
		Stream Communities
		Food Web Models
	Community Interactions
		Competition for Limited Resources
			General Concepts
			Competition Avoidance
		Predator-Prey Interactions
			Selective Predation Strategies
			Defenses Against Predation
			Chemical Induction of Predator Defenses
		Comparison of Ecological Importance of Competition and Predation
			Indirect Effects of Predation
			Keystone Predation
		Mutualisms and Symbiosis
	Community Structure
		Diversity
			Species Area Curves
			Pesticides and Diversity
			Spatial Heterogeneity and Diversity
		Community Composition
			Species Associations
		Size-Spectrum
	Study Guide
Chapter 8 Community Ecology: Freshwater Communities Changing Through Time
	Community Origins
	Community Dynamics
		Community Dynamics on a Daily Basis
			Diel Vertical Migration (DVM) of Zooplankton
			Other Groups that Show Diel Vertical Migration
			Stream Drift
		Seasonal Ecological Succession in the Pelagic (Peg Model)
		Long-Term Changes in Communities
			“Island” Biogeography
		Extinctions
		Invasion
			Fish Invasions of the Laurentian Great Lakes
			A Molluscan Invader in Aquatic Communities
			A Plant Invader in Aquatic Communities
		Resistance
		Resilience
	Biomanipulation-Trophic Cascades
		Cultural Eutrophication
		Biomanipulation
	Alternate Stable States
	Study Guide
Chapter 9 Aquatic Ecosystems and Physiology: Energy Flow
	The Ecosystem Concept
		Models of Energy Flow
		Space-Time Diagrams
	Primary Productivity
		Photosynthetic Organisms
		Light Inhibition of Photosynthesis
		Primary Productivity in Lakes and Streams
		Measuring Primary Productivity
		Tropical Productivity
		Energy Inputs Other than Sunlight
			Nonphotosynthetic Primary Productivity
			Wave Energy and Productivity
	Secondary Production
		Ecological Efficiencies
		Fishes and Primary Productivity
		Microbial Loop
		Allochthonous Inputs
	Introduction to Physiological Ecology
		Surface-to-Volume Ratios
		Metabolic Rate and Body Size
		Metabolic Rate and Temperature
		Scope for Growth and Temperature Preferences
		Interaction of Temperature and Body Size
		Metabolic Rate and Other Factors
	Balanced Bioenergetic Model
	Study Guide
Chapter 10 Aquatic Ecosystems: Chemical Cycles
	Chemical Cycles in Water and Biogeochemical Cycles
	The Carbon Cycle in Water
		Forms of Carbon
		Carbon Reservoirs
		The CO2, Bicarbonate, Carbonate Equilibrium
		pH, Inorganic Carbon Equilibrium, and Photosynthesis
		Acid Deposition
			Buffers
			Titration
		The Dark Side of CO2
	The Oxygen Cycle in Water
		Forms of Oxygen
		Oxygen Reservoirs
		Metabolic Adaptations to Low Oxygen Concentrations
			Breathing in Water
			Circulatory Systems
			Behavioral Adaptations to Low Oxygen Concentrations
			Hemoglobin
	The Phosphorus Cycle in Lakes
		Forms of Phosphorus
		Reservoirs of Phosphorus
		Phosphate as a Limiting Nutrient
		Stratification
		Luxury Consumption
		Recycling
		Limiting Nutrient
		Cultural Eutrophication
		Environmental Protection
	The Nitrogen Cycle in Water
		Forms of Nitrogen
		Reservoirs of Nitrogen
		Nitrogen Fixation
		Nitrification
		Denitrification
		Assimilation
		Nitrogen Excretion
		Ecosystem Manipulations and the Nitrogen Cycle
	Silicon in Water
	Ecological Stoichiometry
	Toxic Chemicals
		Heavy Metals in Freshwater Systems
		Anthropogenic Organic Chemicals in Freshwater Systems
		Ecological Effects of Toxic Chemicals
		Bioaccumulation and Biomagnification
			Clear Lake Example: Bioaccumulation and Evolution of Pesticide Resistance
	Study Guide
Chapter 11 Water in Landscapes
	The Landscape Concept
	Shapes and Sizes of Lakes and Streams
		Shape
		Shore Length
		Area
		Depth
		Volume
		Watershed or Catchment Basin
	Stream Morphometry
		Velocity
		Gradient
		Cross-Sectional Area
		Discharge
	Landscape Position
		Lake Position
		Stream Order and River Continuum Concept
	Interactions Between Surface and Ground Waters: The Hydrological Cycle
		Ground Water
		Lakes
		Streams
		Reservoirs
		Wetlands
		Estuaries
		Atmosphere
	Lake Origins: How Lakes Are Made
		Glaciation
		Alpine Glaciation
		Glacial Dams and Moraines
		Kettle Pond
		Alluvial Dam
		Plunge Basin
		Glacial Scouring
	Oxbow Lakes
	Sinkholes in Karst Regions
	Rock Pools
	Frost Polygons
	Tectonic Activity
	Volcanic Activity
	Meteorites
	Biological Activity
		Beaver Ponds
		Wallows
		Human Activity
	Stream Origins
	Development of Lakes and Streams Over Time
		Sedimentation
		Stream Development
		Dam Removal
		Dam Failure
	Paleolimnology
	Study Guide
Chapter 12 The Citizen Limnologist
	Limnology and Society
	Observation
		An Observation Model
		Citizen Perspectives
			Sense of Place
			Contrasting Cultural Perspectives
		The Limnological Perspective
	Freshwater Management
		Biological Integrity
	Adaptive Management
		Step 1-Assembly
		Step 2-Monitoring
		Step 3-Adaptation
		Lake Powell Example
	Restoration of Aquatic Communities
	Study Guide
Chapter 13 Field and Laboratory Exercises
	Background
	Statistical Analysis Supplement
	Supplemantal Reading
	Field Exercise Protocol
	Lab 1: Vertical Patterns in a Lake
	Lab 2: Zooplankton in a Lake
	Lab 3: Becoming Familiar with Rotifers
	Lab 4: Becoming Familiar with Cladocerans
	Lab 5: Becoming Familiar with Copepods
	Lab 6: Aquatic Insects in a Stream
	Lab 7: Aquatic Macrophytes and Multivariate Techniques
	Lab 8: Fishes in Lakes and Streams
	Lab 9: Chemistry and Productivity of a Sewage Pond
	Lab 10: Aquatic Resource Integrity
Appendix 1 Spearman Rank Correlation Test
Appendix 2 The X2 Test of Independence, with Emphasis on the X2 Median Test
Literature Cited
Index