Introduction to Instrumentation and Measurements

Content: Measurement Systems    Introduction    Measurement System Architecture    Errors in Measurements    Standards Used in Measurements    Chapter Summary    Problems    Analog Signal Conditioning in Instrumentation    Introduction    Differential Amplifiers    Operational Amplifiers    Analog Active Filter Applications Using Conventional Op-Amps    Instrumentation Amplifiers    Nonlinear Analog Signal Processing by Op-Amps and by Special    Function Modules    Charge Amplifiers    Phase-Sensitive Rectifiers    Chapter Summary    Problems    Noise and Coherent Interference in Measurements    Introduction    Descriptions of Random Noise in Circuits    Propagation of Gaussian Noise through Linear Filters    Broadband Noise Factor and Noise Figure of Amplifiers    Spot Noise Factor and Figure    Transformer Optimization of Amplifier Fspot and Output SNR    Cascaded Noisy Amplifiers    Examples of Calculations of the Noise-Limited Resolution of Certain    Signal Conditioning Systems    Modern, Low-Noise Amplifiers for Use in Instrumentation    Signal-Conditioning Systems    Coherent Interference and Its Minimization    Chapter Summary    Problems    DC Null Methods of Measurement    Introduction    Wheatstone Bridge Analysis    Kelvin Bridge    Anderson Constant Current Loop    Potentiometers    Chapter Summary    Problems    AC Null Measurements    Introduction    Components: Inductor Equivalent Circuits    Components: Capacitor Equivalent Circuits    AC Operation of Wheatstone Bridges    AC Bridges    Chapter Summary    Problems    Survey of Sensor Mechanisms    Introduction    Categories of Sensor Mechanisms    Fiber-Optic Sensors    Photomultiplier Tubes and Related Photoelectron Multiplication Devices    Ionizing Radiation Sensors    Electrochemical Sensors    Mechano-Optical Sensors    Chapter Summary    Problems    Applications of Sensors to Physical Measurements    Introduction    Measurement of Angular Acceleration, Velocity, and Displacement    Measurement of Linear Acceleration, Velocity, Displacement, and Position    Measurement of Force and Torque    Pressure Measurements    Introduction to Substance Detection and Measurement Using Photons    Other Means of Substance Detection    Temperature Measurements    Chapter Summary    Problems    Basic Electrical Measurements    Introduction    DC Voltage Measurements    Measurement of Static Electric Fields and the Potential of Charged Surfaces    DC Measurements    AC Voltage Measurements    AC Measurements    Magnetic Field Measurements    Phase Measurements    Measurements of Frequency and Period (Time)    Measurement of Resistance, Capacitance, and Inductance    Vector Impedance Meters    Chapter Summary    Problems    Digital Interfaces in Measurement Systems    Introduction    Sampling Theorem    Quantization Noise    Dithering    DACs    Hold Operation    ADCs    IEEE- Instrumentation Bus (GPIB)    Serial Data Communications Links    CAMAC (IEEE-) Modular Instrumentation Standard and the VXI    Modular Instrumentation Architecture    How Transmission Lines Affect the Transfer of Digital Data    Data Transmission on Fiber-Optic Cables    Virtual Instruments    Chapter Summary    Problems    Introduction to Digital Signal Conditioning in Instrumentation    Introduction    Digital Filters and the z-Transform    Some Simple DSP Algorithms    Discrete and Fast Fourier Transforms and Their Applications    Digital Routines for Interpolating Discrete Data    Chapter Summary    Problems    Solid-State Chemical Microsensors and Wireless Instrumentation    Introduction    Chemical Microsensor Designs    Electronic Noses    Radio ICs for Wireless Data Transmission    Wireless Patient Monitoring Systems    Power Sources for Wireless Sensors, Effectors, and WDX    Absorbable Electronic Circuit Implants    Chapter Summary    Problems    Introduction to Mechanical Microsensors    Introduction to Microelectromechanical Systems    MEM Accelerometer and Pressure Sensor ICs    MEM Rate Gyros    Cantilever-Like MEMS and NEMS and Their Applications    Chapter Summary    Problems    Examples of the Design of Measurement Systems    Introduction    Self-Nulling, Microdegree Resolution Polarimeter to Measure Glucose in Bioreactors    Design of a System to Detect, Measure, and Locate Partial Discharges in High-Voltage Coaxial Power Cables    Design of a Closed-Loop, Constant-Phase, Pulsed Laser Ranging System and Velocimeter    Design of Capacitive Sensors for the Detection of Hidden Objects    Chapter Summary    Glossary    References    Index